Romanticism and Realism

Romanticism and Realism Romanticism: [pic] Francisco De Goya. â€Å"The Third of May 1808† Oil on Canvas – Imagination and emotion are more valuable than reason. The romantics championed the struggle for human liberty. They celebrated nature, rural life, common people, exotic subjects in art and literature. – Era: Industrial and French Revolutions – Technique: Dramatic scenes of nature or man and ideal landscapes. – Artists: Goya, Delacroix, Constable, Duncauson Realism: [pic] Gustave Courbet. â€Å"The Stone Breakers† Oil on Canvas Art should deal with human experience through observation, without exocticism, nostalgia or idealism. It offered the painter and the viewer humanity and insight into everyday world. †¢ Era: Industrial and French Rev †¢ Technique: Almost photographic and always portraying the dignity of ordinary people. †¢ Artists: Courbet, Bonheur, Eakins, Tanner, Daumier Impressionism and Expressionism Impressionis m: [pic] Claud Monet. â€Å"Impression: Sunrise† Oil on Canvas †¢ Concern themselves with visual issues. They paint what the eye sees rather than what the mind knows. The effects of light on a subject is emphasized. †¢ Era: Development of camera †¢ Tech: Small dabs of color that appears as separate strokes of paint when seen close up. Yet with distance, one sees uniform subjects. †¢ Artists: Money, Renoir, Cassatt, Morisst Expressionism: [pic] Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. â€Å"Street, Berlin† Oil on Canvas †¢ General term for art that emphasizes inner feelings and emotions over subject depiction such as: sorrow, passion, spiritual and mysticism. †¢ Era: 1910-34 World War I †¢ Tech: Emphasis on color intensity as a means to express a mood. Artists: Kirchner, Kandinsky, Nolde, Kollowitz Surrealism and Cubism Surrealism: [pic]Joan Miro. â€Å"Woman Haunted by the Passage of the Dragonfly, Bird of Bad Omen† Oil on Canvas †¢ The belief that the unconscious mind is a higher reality than the conscious mind. The painters/ artists goal was to make visible the imagery of the unconscious. †¢ Era: 1920-40 (Sigm und Freud, manuscript was published) †¢ Tech: dreamlike imagery affected by color was most important to the work. †¢ Artists: Dale, Miro, Magritte, Kahlo Cubism: [pic] Pablo Picasso. Les Demoiselles D’avignon† Oil on Canvas †¢ Reconstruction of objects based on geometric shapes †¢ Era: a mechanized world. Industry simplified forms †¢ Tech: simplified surfaces and shapes; Fractured angular figures or landscapes †¢ Artists: Picasso and Braque Abstract Expressionism and Pop Art Abstract Expressionism: [pic] Jackson Pollock. â€Å"Autumn Rhythm† Oil on Canvas †¢ Artists expressed in their work a balance between spontaneity andformal structure. Individual expression is emphasized. †¢ Era: 1948-65 America after WWII Tech: use of color to influence mood and the energy of the artist is prominent. †¢ Artists: De Kooning, Pollock, Rothko Pop Art: [pic] Roy Lichtenstein. â€Å"Drowning Girl† Oil on synthetic polymer paint on canvas. †¢ Deals with commercially driven â€Å"mass culture†. Commercial art is the inspiration for pop art. †¢ Era: flower generation †¢ Tech: artists created cool mechanical images using photographic screen printing and airbrush tech to achieve the look of advertising imagery but used it on canvas. †¢ Artists: Warhol, Hamilton, Lichtenstein, Rosenquist. Romanticism and Realism Romanticism and Realism Romanticism is the idealism for a better world. Writers believe that they can portray their beliefs and emotions though their writing. They hoped that this would encourage the people of the world to become something more than what they are now. They valued the human imagination and imposed emphasis on individual freedom and political restraints. They also had a great interest in the middle ages. The emphases on emotion lead to Dark Romanticism such as the poetry by Edgar Allan Poe.Poe wrote with extreme emotion about death and the loss. While realism s more about the attempt to represent events and social conditions as they are. There is no idealization of events instead writers attempt to be as factual as possible. Writers of this form of literature stress reality over fantasy. They value the attention to detail and an effort to recreate the true nature of reality. This is the reason that most realist literature is written according to the time period of the writer.It is not to say that what realist writes is a true story exactly but rather it is to convey what is happening in the world at that moment in time. They write about the hardship and the malice with no sugarcoating of events but rather the brutal truth. The individual is an important aspect in the writing of romanticism. The writers view the individual as an important part of society. They reject authority and look to have self reliance. There is no need to have society accept them in order to have the life that they want.Emerson wrote â€Å"Great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude† giving credence that social acceptance is not needed (Emerson 578). While in realism the individual idealism is not as important as the realistic portrayal of the individual and the society. Realistic writers write about how self reliance is portrayed in society. Whether it is oppressed or whether it was achieved. Chopin writes a bout self reliance as an aspect that the American women at the time have not been able to achieve to its fullest.Instead self-reliance is something that eludes women due to the social hierarchy that has been established for centuries. In both romanticism and realism pride is a preemptor to the loss of whatever good is one's life. In while in romanticism this is portrayed with exaggeration of potions ND death in â€Å"The Birthmark† by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Realist writers such as Chopin use real situations of slave owners and the issue of race in their lives.Government and politics has been a subject in literature for a long time. In realism it is the description of the governments and the actions taken by them. It is about the truth of what that the political machine has done to the world. There is no idealism as there is in Romanticism. Politics in romanticist writing is about the hope for a better society. Their way of achieving this betterment is also a part of the romanti cism in the literature. GOD By hoosegow

Pre History Era

In history, we have an era called Pre-history, which is history before humanity left written records. During this period, archeologist named these early periods of human culture from the materials used at the time. They called this the Old Stone (Paleolithic) age. This was around 3000 B.C. were people used chipped stone tools. Also the development of farming and the use of stone implements marked the beginning of the New Stone age (Neolithic). About 3000 B.C., the invention of bronze led to the Bronze Age. Here, new forms of human life and society were found. All this information was retained thanks to historians. Historians rely on written sources to put history in order. Recent development in science called Carbon-14 helps straighten out chronology. This technique, whereby radioactive carbon is used, helps to date ancient objects within a couple of centuries. In the Old Stone Age, Paleolithic people left remains scattered in Europe and Asia. They took refuge in Africa from the glaciers that moved south over to northern continents. These people hunted to eat, and fought and killed their enemies. They cooked their food, specialize tools, and sheltered in caves from the cold. They also created art. At Lascaux France, Paleolithic artists left remarkable paintings in limestone caves, using vibrant colors depicting deer, bison and horses. A variety of finds concerning the development of the calendar showed markings whose sequence and intervals may have recorded lunar periods. The advance from the Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age was marked by certain major changes found in the Near East. The domestication of animals for food was discovered. Parallel with this was the domestication of plants for food-a kind of wheat and barley. Temporary shelter was replaced by houses. The baking of clay vessels were also discovered. In Catal Huyuk in Southern Turkey, people grew their own grain, kept sheep and wove the wool into textiles. Variety of pottery and sculptures were found. In ancient Mesopotamia, farmers were using plows to scratch soil and they were also keeping business accounts of their temple in picture writings. Writing, metallurgy, and urban life are among the early marks of civilization. Recent discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the inventors of writing were the Subarians who might have been conquered by the Sumarians. They apparently turned the Subarians into slaves. Sumarians began to use capital. Archeologists found clay tablets that were inscribed. The language on them was Akkadian. Others were unknown. But, because they made references to the king of Summer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the language be called Sumerian. The Summerians developed a phonetic alphabet between 3000-2000 B.C. They impressed little wedge-shaped marks into a wet clay tablet with a reed pen. This was a script called cuneiform-from the latin â€Å"cuneus†, meaning â€Å"wedge†. Most of these tablets contained economic or administration records. The Summerians were a major group of people in history. The earliest of the kind governed themselves through a council of elders. This group derived their authority from a general assembly of adult free males. This assembly who sometimes granted a supreme authority to one leader at a time, decided on matters of war and peace. This arrangement did not last long! It was replaced by a one-man rule in each city. The human ruler acted as a representative of the god of the city. Torrential floods swept down the river valleys. The lives, religion and literature of the people of Mesopotamia were pervaded by terror of these floods. The Summerians devised a system of canals to control these forceful floods. Around 2300, Sargon, king of Akkad, conquered the Sumerian ruler of Urok. Sagon then called himself king of Summer and Akkad. This indicates the fusion of the Summerians and the Akkadians. By 2100, when the Bronze Age ended, Sargon lost his power. Gudea, ruler of the city of Lagash, united the Summerians. Ur replaced Lagash as the capital city after Gudea died. Its rulers again called themselves king of Summer and Akkad. Much of what is known about the Summerians come from Ur. Ur was prosperous. It had far-flung trade by sea in textiles and metals. Ur had recorded a systematic tax system and a revival of learning. Within time, a decline set in because Ur took over too many responsibilities. Sumer was a hydrolic society. This meant that it was based on a centralized control of irrigation and flood management by government. Within time, these city-states fragmented. Elamites from the east destroyed it. This destructed Ur and Summerian power ended. Life became very diversified with blacksmiths, carpenters, and merchants who appeared alongside the hunters, farmers and shepherds of the older days. The women held high- position during these days. The Summerians looked up to their city gods. They also worshiped numerous other gods such as god of heaven, god of earth, and god between heaven and earth. Others included god of moon and goddess of the morning star. Enki was god of earth and of wisdom who apparently poured water into the 2 fertilizing rivers, Tigris and Euphrates, He supposedly filled the land with cattle, built houses and canals, and set sub gods over the enterprise. Along with these beliefs, Summerians used various arts to fortell the future and interpreted dreams. Summerian art and literature and architecture were largely religious in style. Their epic poetry included Gilgamesh, a mighty hero two-thirds divine and one-third human. The Summerians built their temples of baked brick. The typical Mesopotmia temple was the ziggurat. The successors of the Summerians as rulers of Mesopotamia were the Babylonians and their successors, the Assyrians. They both originally descended from the nomands of the Arabian desert. Power passed to them with Sargon the Great in 2300B.C. and retuned to them later after the Amorites (people from the west) invaded them in 2000B.C. The Amorite Prince named Hammurabi, made his Babyonian kingdom supreme in Mesopotamia by warfare and diplomacy. Hammurabi had a code of law that applied to the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. These were inscribed on a pillar eight feet tall beneath a sculpture of the king in front of the sun god. The code was a leagal statement about stern justice. In its vocabulary,the code refects the continuing Sumerian impact on the Akkadian-speaking Babylonians.

Gay Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gay Marriage - Essay Example 5). Using the example of Edith Windsor and Thea Spyer, a gay couple who had been together for over forty years, yet when Thea died, Edith was left with taxes that she would not have received had she married a man. This couple stands as the perfect example of how mistreated same-sex couples are, prompting the Supreme Court to hear their pleas for equality. The article comes to an end with a rundown of the various complications that may come as a result of the Supreme Court making a ruling on gay marriage, and the fact that the Supreme Court is limited in its power when it comes to state law. Mark Sherman and Dennis Junius’s article, â€Å"Obama Considers Weighing In on Gay Marriage Case† looks at the Obama administration’s decision to urge the Supreme Court to overturn California’s ban on gay marriage. President Obama made his stance clear since his first inauguration address that he support gay marriage and felt that gay couples should not be treated diffe rently under the law. President Obama stated that â€Å"his administration would do whatever it could to promote that principle† (Sherman & Junius par. 8). However, these beliefs were primarily personal, and Obama set little in motion for taking the issue to a legal level. Sherman and Junius also point out the many limitations that the Supreme Court has in making a ruling, as well as the other options that proponents of gay marriage have. The primary similarity between these two separate articles is that they focus on the ongoing battle to legalize gay marriage and allow same-sex couples to make use of the same rights that heterosexual couples receive upon marriage. Homosexuality has been a taboo topic up until a decade ago, and it continues to become more known, and the argument strengthened, as proponents speak up for the rights they believe that everyone deserves, regardless of who they love. In Bravin’s article, we see the steps that have been taken by the gay comm unity and those that support the gay community to get their voices heard by powers that have the abilities to overturn bans against gay marriage. In Sherman and Junius’s article, the debate has moved beyond what is expected of the Supreme Court and, instead, looks to how our current president can help the cause. The two articles both provide background and methods as to what is currently taking place in this fight for equality. Another startling similarity is how the two articles focus mainly on the proponents for gay marriage and spend very little time looking at those that are opposed to accepting same-sex couples as legally married. While bias is not necessarily present in either article, all of the authors seem more concerned with a positive fate for same-sex couples and gay marriage supporters. This concern is seen in how the authors, along with providing background into the debates, also offer up additional routes that same-sex couples can take depending on the ruling o f the Supreme Court. As a result, it becomes clear that same-sex couples have many avenues to continue their fight, though there seems to be a collective hope that the Supreme Court will find sympathy with those that desire equality with their partners. A major difference found between the two articles is that the perception on the debate of same-sex marriage shifts from a select few homosexual couples and the Supreme Court, in Bravin’s article, to a much larger public audience, including many people who

Discussion of a current marketing problem Essay

Discussion of a current marketing problem - Essay Example This gives them instant access to tangible video copies (not streaming video) that even Netflix could not provide without a day or two wait for the mail system to deliver videos. As such, subscribership began to drop as Netflix was not providing cost incentives to avoid brand defection by once loyal consumers. This led to media coverage that was very negative in which investor confidence began to fall, along with outlook for continuing subscribership and revenue growth, which plummeted the stock from $236 in September 2011 to only $66 in December 2011. Media coverage showing many negative factors about a business model has very substantial impact on consumer perceptions about a brand. While all of this negative publicity was occurring, Netflix was also realizing that its operational costs were steadily increasing, therefore the business would have to raise prices in order to offset these concerns. The operational cost increase factors included royalty fees paid to many different film production companies that hold intellectual property rights on many of the products offered by Netflix. With growth in streaming video online, the costs of operations increased from $180 million annually in 2010 to $1.98 billion in 2012 (Pepitone & Smith, 2011). The only way that Netflix could stay in business and regain investor confidence was to raise prices, taking the Netflix service subscription from a previous 2009 total of $5 per month, to over $10 per month in certain markets. Raising prices on this business model created significant consumer backlash and immediate defection to other brands offering similar services. To now be able to get hard copy discs delivered as well as streaming video capabilities under the service, it would now cost consumers $15.98 (Sanger, 2011). Netflix was essentially stating that the high costs of licensing the videos offered (hundreds of millions of dollars annually) and the costs of handling video returns and deliveries were justifying these sudden and significant price hikes. The major problem in this situation is that not only did the company anger its loyal customers with massive price increases, but the business did not realize the consumer loyalty

Battles of world war II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Battles of world war II - Essay Example In mid- November of 1942, a startling pincer assault by two Russian navies tore off the German Sixth Army, which was then confined to a bloody purge for the city of Stalingrad. Locked in a cauldron, the Sixth Army that was under the authority of General Friedrich Paulus was commanded by Hitler to seize its position rather than withdraw west to unite the forefront of the German forces. Hitler was optimistic that he could muster the Red Army after the crippling winter of 1942, informed on the verity that despite Army Group Centre had suffered a crippling blow after heavy assault west of Moscow the previous winter. The German summer odious to the south of the Eastern Front was fuelled by two main goals: material and time resources. Hitler was openly significantly unyielding to finish the offensive before the strength of the United States entered the war came into limelight and secondly, he was indomitable to lock oil resources in the Caucasus, which would refuse them the Soviet Union al though saving a supplementary petroleum reserve for Germany (Palmer 40-60). As German advanced to Stalingrad in summer, the Soviets had amassed sufficient warning of the German’s progress to ship practically all the city’s grain, rail-road rolling stockpile and cattle across the Volga. The â€Å"harvest triumph† left the town short of food supply still before the German assault started. Production persisted in some industries, especially the ones producing T-34 tanks. The battle of Stalingrad started with the grave shelling of the metropolis by Wolfram von Richthofen’s, which in autumn and spring of 1942 was the mainly prevailing single air configuration in the world. Over 1, 000 tons of bombs were dropped. The city was hastily turned into debris, although some industries continued manufacturing whilst employees joined in the fighting (Robbins

Legal Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Legal Environment - Essay Example In this case, an agreement was made to exhibit advertisement on the defendants' hotel for a period of seven years. During this time, Manchester Corporation, exercising statutory powers, acquired the hotel and demolished it. It was held that the defendant should have been aware of the risk of compulsory purchase, and must be taken to have implicitly accepted the risk. The contract could also have been discharged by frustration due to government interference. The government interfered causing a fundamental change of circumstance from the contemplated by the parties when the contract was made. This is because the government prohibited with immediate effect the manufacture and export of relevant weapons systems hence there was need for Maldrive to purchase the machine. This caused the termination of the contract. In this case, the defendant had agreed to construct a reservoir for the plaintiff. Before the defendants had done so, the government acting in pursuance of war-time powers, stopped it. It was held that the contract was discharged through government interference. A contract is discharged by breach; that is failure of one of the parties to perform his obligation under the contract. Every breach of contract provides remedies to the innocent party, and this does not necessary discharge the contract. Thus if a party breaks a term of contract going to its root, known as condition the other party will be released from his obligations under the contract. But if the term broken is one collateral to the main term of the contract, known as a warranty, the innocent party will not be released from performance and can only claim damages. Maldrive, the manufacturers of weapons systems for exports had agreed to buy a machine from Planright but failed to perform his obligation under the contract. Failure of Maldrive to buy the machine from Planright discharged the contract. Rights and Remedies available to Maldrive and to Planright if contract is terminated by frustration. Maldrive could recover his deposit of |1000 pounds and was not liable to pay the balance. The law reform (Frustration Contracts) Acts 1943 England, amended the common law rule and provides what shall happen if the contract is discharged by frustration: All money paid before discharge is recoverable Money which become payable before frustration ceases to be payable. The court allow the parties to recover sums of money paid out in expenses incurred in connection with the contract, or to retain such sums from money already received under the contract. Where one party has received benefits, other than the money payment, the court may permit the other party to recover a reasonable sum as compensation for such benefit on quantum Meruit. A relevant case

The social perception of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic Research Paper

The social perception of hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic - Research Paper Example The Weimar Republic’s condition was an exceptional case not only due to the then reparation cases after war but also worsened by decisions made by economists and those who were in power to contain the situation. Hence, leading to indescribable suffering to the then citizens where prices based on studies so far contacted seemed to change on hourly basis. Weimar Republic’s fiscal decisions during then meant to curb the situation not only aroused intense debates shortly afterwards as evident from scholars who based on their financial knowledge criticized them even to date. This is according to the way in which the then economists without keenness of the upcoming results decided to print more money for public’s use. According to Widdig, this was through the â€Å"policy of easy money†, which entailed the government to embark on excessive printing of more money without adjusting inflation and interest rates (Ferguson 270). Hence, contributing to the hiking of g oods’ prices at an extremely alarming rate, which in turn yielded to varied mixed reactions not only among the then few economists who knew the end results but also other scholars afterwards. During then, economists of the day seemed to suffer from myopic state in terms being unable to ascertain what will befall the state if they advised the government to print more money with the intention of clearing its internal debts. This study seeks to address the following two key questions, 1. How contemporaries experienced and understood hyperinflation; is a very interesting one. 2. How contemporary perception compare to the retrospective analysis of historians and economists only at the end. Between 1921 and 1923, citizens based on their mode of payments, expressed mixed reactions concerning the then depreciating paper currency besides universal woes that faced Germany’s economy. Those who relied on fixed payment like monthly salaries due to the then escalating prices of good s in relation increasing paper notes experienced utter desperation. This is because after payment most of them were unable to purchase what they needed whereby upon receiving after receiving their salaries or wages rushed immediately to a nearby shop to buy what they could afford before money started to depreciate (â€Å"BBC†). Those who were in short term payment terms like wages seemed to enjoy the deal because they were capable of negotiating their wages on daily basis or based on hourly intervals to be able to cater for their expenses as well as purchase what they needed (â€Å"BBC†). Despite wage mode of payment benefiting a few people during then although through struggling, the state of hyperinflation was evident not only among those contended to be on investment spree but also the entire state (Ferguson 10). The latter according to Ferguson (10) included industrial sector, which tried its best to produce more goods meant for the public who had money but kept on depreciating due to the hiking of goods. Hence, increase the demand of goods that turned out out to be extremely high among the people who despite having money could not afford to acquire them because prices were changing spontaneously and within very short time. For instance, a certain father according to BBC news headed to Berlin to purchase a pair of shoes for his son but on his arrival, he could only purchase a cup of coffee and save the remaining to cater for his bus fare (â€Å"BBC†). In addition, numerous citizens who had for long worked hard to

The American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

The American Revolution - Essay Example The biography of George Washington was originally written by Mason Locke Weems who maintained a subjective approach in evaluating the facts and presented Washington as a folk hero. Although they had lived through the revolution, yet many of the early historians did not have objective grounds for their claims. A new generation of historians surfaced with the start of the 19th century. Today, whatever we know about the American Revolution is primarily an outcome of their compilation of the war events. Historians of the 19th century mutually held a consensus that the American Revolution was morally justified. They were of the view that American victory opened the gate to freedom. The determinists of the early 20th century presented the second school of thought regarding the American Revolution. They thought that the revolution revolved around the conflict of class. The economic motivations were hard to be justified with the widespread rhetoric about equality and republicanism. The determinists analyzed the revolution as more than just an endeavor to gain independence. They thought of it as a means to strengthen a ruling elite American class. The determinists base their assertions on the fact that a vast majority of the people who had signed the Declaration of Independence were rich and took the revolution as a means to strengthen their power. The third school of thought regarding the American Revolution surfaced after the Second World War. Neo-Whigs were the owners of this school of thought.

Biology and The Persistence of Race and Ethinicity Essay

Biology and The Persistence of Race and Ethinicity - Essay Example Not even attempts by interracial marriages to overshadow ethnic boundaries have lessened the resolve by the native Hawaiians to have their state declared a sovereign nation, much like the tribe of the American Indians. When races have thus been mixed up, other new races are brought forth, as opposed to no race at all (Olson 2002). For example, the Angles and Saxons led to the formation of Anglo-Saxons. Thorough this chapter, Olson has argued on the variation in our appearances, yet genetically, we seem to be so similar. This then leads to the question of mis-paring that is so apparent with regard to genetic similarity on the one hand, and physical appearance on the other hand. Racism is not just about being Asian, American, European, African, or black. Even within a particular race, class system does exist. Therefore, even if racial lines were to be scrapped off, the class system in such races will still discriminate on heir underprivileged lot. For example, the Indians have a caste system that recognises some of its members to belong to the royal class, while others are more peasants. It will thus take more than a changing of mind from a racial perspective to ensure that such a prestige no longer exists. The correlation between biology and ethnicity in Hawaii is quite loose, partly because individual tend to identify themselves ethnically on the basis of who their ancestors were, as well as based on those groups that they would wish to belong to. For these reasons, the scientific value of using the term native Hawaiian, tends to be particularly limited. Olson is of the argument that biology per se may no longer serve as the foundation for race (Olson 2002).Even then, society and traditions may still have an influence over how certain people live, and this does not in any way make such a group a race. For instance, although white children may talk in their language of black children and also copy their dressing code, they still remain white on the basis of biology. Thus, other factors such as politics and culture, and not just biology, will impact on race. The island of Hawaii is a representation of a break from the traditional understanding of politics and race. As Olsen has argued, Hawaii might as well be the future of the rest of the United States, with respect to the acceptance accorded to diverse racial groups, and interracial marriages (Olson 2002). Given that relationships and interracial marriages have reached a record high in he rest of the country are now at an all time high, one can then concur with the arguments of Olsen. Hawaii stands out as unique state, owing to the various occupants that arrived from Asian and European countries, such as the Philippines, Korea, Japan, and China, to make the state their home. Further Olsen has also written about a man who had ancestors tracing their roots to the native Hawaiians, the Japanese, German and Irish. The man, according to Olsen, now has four daughters (Olson 2002). If the ancestors of these girls are so mixed up, what then, will become of the future generations Were the daughters of this man to marry men with complex ancestry, or plainly put,

The Hawala Extortion Method Essay Example for Free

The Hawala Extortion Method Essay Among the methods terrorists worldwide use to move money from regions that finance them to target countries some hardly leave any traceable trail. As regulators learned recently, one of the weak points in the payments chain through which illicit funds can enter is a system of traditional trust-based banking originating in southern Asia which is known as hawala. The word hawala is Hindi meaning trust or exchange. Often used in relation with the word hundi which stands for bill of exchange hawala is an unofficial alternative remittance and money exchange system enabling the transfer of funds without their actual physical move. Traditional financial institutions may be involved but more often the system is used to bypass banks. There are an estimated 3000 international hawala brokers operating in Asia. Allegedly the business is monopolized by migrants from India who mostly operate from countries in the Gulf and South East Asia. Networks include trading points in the financial centres of Singapore and Hong Kong, and some of the biggest family-based money-dealers are based in London. In principle, hawala works as follows: Individual brokers or operators†, known as hawaladers, collect funds at one end of the payment chain and others distribute the funds at the other. For example, an expatriate working in America or Kuwait who wants to send money back to his family in Pakistan or Syria turns to a moneylender or trader with contacts in both countries giving him the money. The trader calls a trusted partner in the home country who delivers the amount to the family, minus a commission. For identification and the details of the trade often a code is used. The two traders settle accounts either through reciprocal remittances, trade invoice manipulations, gold and precious gem smuggling, the conventional banking system, or by physical movement of currency. Usually, hawaladers operate independently of each other rather than as part of a larger organization. For Asian immigrants the hawala system provides a speedy, reliable and trustworthy method to remit money home. In principle, it allows cash delivered in one place to be made available elsewhere in the time it takes to make a telephone call or send a fax. The system proves superior to any Western banking operation: No identification needs to be presented, commissions are very low, transmission is very fast, and the system is in operation 24 hours a day and every day of the year even in regions where no banks or other financial institutions exist. The latter also explains why the system is not only used by expatriates, drug barons and terrorists, but in some countries is quite common in rural areas. For example, in the 1980s, about 70% of total credit outstanding in Pakistan were estimated to be in the informal sector, and about 80% of all informal credit were in agriculture. Hawala has been a traditional method of moving money in south Asia long before Western banking became established in the region protecting early merchants along the silk road against robbery. In ancient China it was known as fei qian or flying coins. The system spread throughout the world – to other Asian regions, the Middle East, eastern and southern Africa, Europe and North and South America – following immigration patterns. Based on a mans word there is strong market segmentation in that, for example, a Pashtun trusts only a Pashtun hawaladar, a Sikh only a Sikh one, and so on. These days, although mainly used for legitimate transfers and often operating in conjunction with Western banking operations, the hawala system is regarded as a key factor in money laundering, other financial crimes and financing of illegal organizations committed in and associated with South Asia. Hawaladars in Dubai, India and Pakistan are said to be forming a hawala triangle responsible for significant international money laundering activities that spread far beyond the region.

Study on the Industrial Abandoned Lands

Study on the Industrial Abandoned Lands Industrial abandoned lands, ruins, eyesores, voids, derelict, urban deserts, dead zones, silent spaces, landscapes of contempt, and squats are just a few of the words that have been used to figure out the fragments of transformation within our urban spaces. They are terms that refer to spaces such as post-industrial landscapes, abandoned environments, and empty spaces in the peripheral parts of a city. Linked to the processes of decay, the terms also refer to the cultural entropy and social of our city spaces, their loss and ruin. By virtue of their neglect, ruinous state, and marginal place in the urban landscape, recent architectural and urban planning discourse has defined these spaces as contingent, interstitial, and spaces of indeterminacy. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, many cities have witnessed the unused of significant industrial landscapes and their eventual abandonment. Urban societies, cultural and architectural history, these landscapes of indetermi nacy remain a part of the urban palimpsest. Using the metaphor of city as palimpsest and extending the notion of indeterminate spaces. It is explored the nature of contemporary city phenomena in relation to the transformation of abandoned urban spaces. Since the fall of the Nazis colonization, Oswiecim has struggled with using former factories. Under Communist force, the citys main employer, who a chemical worker, failed to develop continue with modern technology, and since 1989 over 10,000 work places have been lost at the plant. With seemingly no other choice to cultivating a grizzly tourist trade, Oswiecim is finding its past increasingly difficult to escape. In other words, Oswiecim is urban decay city falls into irrecoverable and aged, with falling population or changing population, economic restructuring, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment, separated families, and inhospitable city landscape where whole city area as fragments which is contained city memories and space qualities. trauma and discontinuity are fundamental for memory and history, ruins have come to be necessary for linking creativity to the experience of loss at the individual and collective level. Ruins operate as powerful metaphors for absence or rejection, and hence, as incentives for reflection or restoration.[3] Decay Industrial ruins are an intersection of the visible and the invisible, for the people who managed them, worked in them, and inhabited them are not there. And yet their absence manifests itself as a presence through the shreds and silent things that remain, in the objects we half recognize or surround with imaginings. In ruins we can identify that which appeared to be not there, a host of signs and traces which let us know that a haunting is taking place. The ghosts of ruins do not creep out of shady places unannounced, as they do in highly regulated urban spaces, but are abundant in the signs which haunt the present in such a way as to suddenly animate the past. Rather than being exorcised through redevelopment, these ghosts are able to haunt us because they are part of an unfinished disposal of spaces and matter, identified as rubbish but not yet cleared. Such things suddenly become animated, when the over and done with comes alive the things you partly recognize or have heard about provoke familiar feelings, an imaginative and empathetic recouping of the characters, forms of communication, and activities of factory space. In these haunted peripheries, ghosts rarely provoke memories of the epochal and the iconic but recollect the mundane passage of everyday factory life. The past isnt dead. It isnt even past.[4] The decay resides at the conceptual intersection of the individual parts of the analogy that zone created by the superimposition and superposition of essentially translucent entities. The active light of interpretation shines through these layers, as it were, illuminating significant shapes and figures. Meaning actively happens here; it is constructed as images overlap each other, aligning themselves momentarily, and then shifting slightly, encouraging reevaluation and reinterpretation. As a layered figure of depth in architecture, complexity occurs in both plan and section. As a site, the zone of meaning in the analogical system is often ambiguous. Yet, also as a site, this area has boundaries or, rather, a set largely unquantifiable of all available meanings, which is different than a boundless field of all-inclusiveness or unregulated interpretations. Trace and Time Layers with Derridas Theory The resonance of a knock on a door uncovers its density. The tactile of a wall describes its materiality. The texture of a floor may invite us to sit or lay down. The smoothness of a handrail comforts our ascent. Human skin is a powerful material that enables us to perceive and understand our surroundings. Skin is highly expressive; based on its color, texture, wear and plasticity we can read it, gathering information concerning culture, ethnic background, age, abuse, health and the tasks it performs on specific body parts. Skin itself reads as it is readable. Our skin can gather data through tactile perception and read our spatial surroundings. Architecture is an expressive act and the only discipline that stimulates all of our senses. An architect designs spaces that foresee and celebrate the bodily interaction of the inhabitant. According to Derrida, phenomenology is metaphysics of presence because it unwittingly relies upon the notion of an indivisible self-presence, or in the case of Husserl, the possibility of an exact internal adequacy with oneself. In various texts, Derrida contests this valorisation of an undivided subjectivity, as well as the primacy that such a position accords to the now, or to some other kind of temporal immediacy. For instance, in Speech and Phenomena, Derrida argues that if a now moment is conceived of as exhausting itself in that experience, it could not actually be experienced, for there would be nothing to juxtapose itself against in order to illuminate that very now. Instead, Derrida wants to reveal that every so-called present, or now point, is always already compromised by a trace, or a residue of a previous experience, that precludes us ever being in a self-contained now moment. Memory Whenever I distrust my memory, writes Freud in a note of 1925. I can resort to pen and paper. Pater then becomes an external part of my memory and retains something which I would otherwise carry about with me invisibly. When I write on a sheet of paper, I am sure that I have an enduring remembrance, safe from the possible distortions to which it might have been subjected in my actual memory. The disadvantage is that I cannot undo my note when it is no longer needed and that the page becomes full. The writing surface is used up. Memory-autobiographical and collective, each integral to the other-exists as the foundation upon which meaning is built. Memory affords our connection to the world. Every aspect of experience becomes enveloped in the process of memory. It forms our identity as individuals and it coheres individuals together to form the identity of social groups. Memory is also the thread which links the lived-in now with the past and the future: what I remember of my past cont ributes to who I am now (at this very moment) and in many ways affects what I will do in the future. Without memory, meaning building cannot happen.[5] Memory of architecture, therefore, seems to depend more on our ability to perceive the embodied situation. Moreover those situations are subject to particular catalytic moments in time-those instances in which the energies of both the container and the contained become virtually indistinguishable. The timing of those moments is uneven, poetic, and anisotropic. It would be impossible for the constituent elements of a place memory to sustain a constant equilibrium or frequency of resonance in time. It needs to be emphasised that remembering is a thoroughly social and political process, a realm of contestation and controversy. The past is constantly selected, filtered and restructured in terms set by the questions and necessities of the present. Memories are selected and interpreted on the basis of culturally located knowledge and this is further constituted and stabilised within a network of social relationships, consolidated in the `common sense of the everyday. Although practices of inscribing memory on space are enormously varied, there are undoubtedly tendencies to fix authoritative meanings about the past through an ensemble of practices and technologies which centre upon the production of specific spaces, here identified as monumental `memory-scapes, heritage districts, and museums. It is within the contingent spaces of the city where ephemeral gestures resonate, drawing our attention to the residue of the past, enticing us to rediscover their temporal value. And for me at least, ruins, like palimpsests, are traces by which we discover our urban history, and the soul of a space. As all historical narratives are subjectively woven Tapestries of pieced historical facts and events, new Histories often reveal striking discrepancies in the linear conventions of previously inscribed histories. The intention here is to piece together discrepant theoretical notions, to produce an archaeological investigation, which is consistent with the theoretical and ideological approach of Aldo Rossi. The most evocative works of Aldo Rossi are exemplary of the process of building meaning as we engage memory in our everyday experiences, thinking analogically and understanding the world tacitly by doing and making. Whether stated explicitly or not, Rossi must have sensed the necessity to temper his early polemics about a theory of design with a commitment to architecture of intense poetry, of non-quantifiable artistry, and an architecture conscious of its autobiographical significance. Underlying the rationalist tendencies of Rossis theoretical ork is a deeply felt reverence for the power of memory, both his own as well as the collective memory of a particular culture or society that is embodied in key architectural types. And the force of memory permeates his entire oeuvre to such an extent that it is almost pathological, or cultish, or verging on nostalgia, to say the least. For Rossi, the process of memory analogically suggests the evolution and morphology of the physical form of the city; and a formal language based on a typology of architecture; and, as a matter of necessity, the repetitive, obsessive, and dynamic nature of his own creative practice. However, Rossis poetic was not as self-absorbed as it may seem-or, at least, it was not ultimately meant to turn in on itself in the creation of a restrictive, self-indulgent reverie. He expected his obsession with memory to translate into his buildings in such a way that it would invigorate architecture with a new liberty, a freedom of experience and meaning similar to so many of those buildings he had discovered and cited in his early treatise, The Architecture of the City: the Palazzo della Ragione in Padua, the Roman amphitheater-turned-market square in Lucca, the tiny fishing huts along the Po River valley-buildings that, while displaying characteristics of specific types, transcended the program of those types by accommodating changing activities and uses. By analogically relating the transposition of a rchitectural types with the process of memory, Rossi was privileging meaning building with his architecture as an integral part of the built environment, especially as it governed the evolution of cities. It is how Rossi engaged the profound memories of his past. It is how he anticipated people would live with and within his buildings, seeing in those forms their own memories of an architectural past, encouraging them to reactivate those connections, those relationships in his buildings. The emergence of relations among things, more than the things themselves, always gives rise to new meanings, wrote Rossi. Perhaps, like this: Confront the built form-it reminds you of other buildings and other experiences you have had before-this new building feels familiar and established in your understanding of the given-yet, you experience this building as something different, its meaning has changed from what you thought it should be because of the change in how you use the architecture-the given is expanded, enriched with new meaning meaning building. It is how Rossi practiced architecture-by working analogically from drawings to buildings to writings, discovering relationships, exploring the sp ace where meaning happens, in between those things which can be explicitly articulated, patently expressed. Sampling to make music, people need sounds and when people cant make them yourself you find them somewhere else: in appearance there is nothing more simple.The sampler is an electronic memory that is virtually infinite, which enables sounds to be stored, from a single note to a symphony. This fund constitutes a sort of personal library, where works are reduced to an anthology of chosen pieces drawn flora the vast reservoir of musical culture. The work ceases to function as a closed opus or a melody and becomes a sum of harmonies and pre existing sounds. The sampler is thus the centre of sound memory, a centre where all metamorphoses are possible. It is an abstract place where all the sounds of the world are classified and subjected to changes. This tool simplifies the work of the DJ, who then needs only to physically manipulate the vinyl records in order to modify sounds, slowing them down, warping them or passing them into a loop. These manipulations are necessary to the construction of a du rable rhythm by the mixing of short breaks. The re-appropriation of knowledge has always been pre sent in human activity, in different forms, but the advent of the sampler has upset the pre existing metaphysical relationship between creation and memory. Indeed, by faithfully retrieving recorded pieces ready to be recombined, the memory no longer works as a catalyst. The combined effect of the dormant memory/recall binomial implements internal re-composition, a metabolism that plays on memory by default. But the sampler, on the contrary, pushes the process of fabrication to the surface, turning it into a conscious act, like collage, thus relating it to an aesthetic of superposition, medley and fusion. References Leatherbarrow. D, Mostafavi. M, Surface Architecture Skin+Bones ; Parallel Practieces in Fashion and Architecture, Thames Hudson, London, 2007 McLuhan. M, Understanding Media; The Extensions of Man, 2002 Bru E, New Territories New Landscapes, ACTAR, 1997 Herausgeber, Atlas of Shrinking Cities, HATJE CANTZ, 2004 Juhani. P, The eyes of the skin; architecture and the senses, London:Academy Editions,1996 Morphosis, Architecture and Urbanism, A+U, 1994 This quote was taken from Walter Benjamins Paris: Capital of the Nineteenth Century, cited in Sexuality and Space, ed. Beatrize Colomina (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1992) 74. Matthew Goulash, 39 Micro Lectures in Proximity of Performance (London and New York: Routledge, 2000) 190. Salvator Settis, forward, Irresistable Decay: Ruins Reclaimed, by Michael S. Roth (Los Angeles, CA: The Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1997) vii. William Faulkner making meaning out of the memory of architecture

The Coming Food Crisis :: essays research papers

China has big problem with its food production and providing it for its people. People have resorted to rice husks, hemp leaves, grass soup, toads, rats, body lice, and even their own dead. Many moves toward industrialization have put China behind in its production of food for its people. These moves toward industrialization have taken farmers off their fields and into industrial factories. The result is cropland disappearing and water becoming scarce in some areas. China’s huge population increases by about 15 million each year, even with one child per family. China’s booming economy has made some people wealthy enough to pay off government restrictions of one child per family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  China has been trying to solve this problem in many ways. It has put a restriction on the number of children a family can have, which is one. This for some families who are wealthy enough isn’t a problem. China has also looked to importing food, but this has had a dramatic effect on the world’s trade prices. If China continues to import food the international prices will skyrocket resulting in developing countries being unable to import food. In addition to importing food China has also been researching and developing so called â€Å"super rice†. This â€Å"super rice† has an increased amount of seeds on it when it matures. Thus increasing food production. The â€Å"super rice† is supposed to increase production by some 20 percent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If China’s problem keeps increasing and China can’t figure out a way to support itself they may have to turn to importing. This can have a dramatic effect on the rest of world. China may begin importing a lot of its food, which can drive up trade prices. The result is developing countries won’t be able to import food due to lacking of funds. Also if China keeps developing its â€Å"super rice† this may help the rest of the world by being able to increase production by 20 - 25 percent. This is a very interesting thing for many countries especially for those countries that are still young and could use the increase in production.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are a lot of things that I have learned from this article. I now know that some of China’s people have been resorting to eating their own dead to survive, due to food shortages.

The Role of the Community in Artistic Endeavour Essay -- Islamic Grave

The Role of the Community in Artistic Endeavour Imagine a gravestone nearly a metre in height on a large base with incised geometric vine patterns. An elaborately carved collar with lotus motifs on a background pattern of a spider's web is found above this base. In the center of the stone, finely carved inscriptions of Sufi or Islamic mystic poems concerning death executed in Naskh calligraphic style are framed in decorative panels reminiscent of Persian illuminated manuscripts. The poem reads: "Listen. Verily the world is perishable, the world is not everlasting. Verily the world is like a Web woven by a spider" Flanking the inscriptions are elaborate floral motifs that protrude outwards and curl upwards, resembling wings. This whole arrangement is surmounted by a multi-tiered arrangement of forms symbolizing Mount Meru, the abode of Hindu gods, with the Muslim profession of faith or shahadah inscribed upon it. This stone is but one of several styles of a type of gravestones known as Batu Aceh (Type C, Appendix). Batu Aceh are a highly distinctive genre of early Southeast Asian Islamic gravestones manufactured in Aceh, North Sumatra from the late 13th century to the 19th century and exported to various parts of the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago. They were elaborately carved and expensive, and were a mark of distinction, being reserved for the graves of royalty and other important or wealthy persons. Although produced to mark Muslim graves, they are peculiar in exhibiting motifs drawn from Hindu and Buddhist religious philosophy. In this aspect they belong to the wider tradition of syncretism in Southeast Asian art and culture, in its inherent tendency to combine or reconcile differing beliefs and traditions. Can Bat... ...s directly to indigenous aesthetic ideals, the harmonious combination of Hindu/Buddhist, Islamic as well as indigenous elements in Batu Aceh not only proves the resilience of the underlying autochthonous culture and tradition, but points also to the creative synthesis and adaptive flexibility expressed by their anonymous carvers. Works Cited Othman bin Mohd. Yatim. Batu Aceh: Early Islamic gravestones in Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: United Selangor Press, 1988 Bougas, Wayne A. "Some Early Islamic Tombstones in Patani" In JMBRAS vol. 59 part 1 1986 Best, David. The Rationality of Feeling: Understanding The Arts in Education. London: The Falmer Press, 1992 Hall, D G E. A History of South-East Asia. London: Macmillan, 1985 Bourassa, Stephen C. The Aesthetics of Landscape. London: Belhaven Press, 1991 Last updated: 24 June, 2003

United States Navy and Naval Flight Officer

â€Å"My dad is in the Navy,† my high-pitched, six-year-old voice would proudly proclaim when asked what my father's profession was. Other children's dads were managers, lawyers, and doctors, which was fine with me, but my dad was a Naval Officer. He sailed on gigantic aircraft carriers for a living. Now that was cool. My family is undoubtedly the thing that sparked my desire to become a Naval Officer: my dad was a Naval Academy graduate, my uncle a Navy doctor, and my grandfather a Naval Flight Officer. For me to join the Navy and become a Naval Officer is a continuance of a tradition generations old.I would consider it a great honor to be able to follow in their footsteps, but there's more to my decision than that. I am not blindly pursuing a career as a Naval Officer, I have done endless hours of research on this career choice, and the more research I do about the Navy and Naval Officers, the surer I am that this is what I want to become. Because Naval Officers have played such a large part in my family life, I know what type of person it takes to be one, and what type of extraordinary people they are.You can recognize them by the pride with which they hold themselves and the confidence with which they speak. They are the people who command battleships, fly jets, and dive submarines, things that most people can only imagine doing. They are willing not only to give up their life for their country, but also to lead likeminded men and women who are willing to do the same. They have to make split second decisions that test who they are and will vastly impact the lives of those under their command. This is the type of person I want to be; I want to be a Naval Officer.I realize that becoming a Naval Officer isn't going to be easy, that officers have to go through rigorous mental and physical training before they can receive their commissions. I look forward to the challenge; I know that the intensive training I will undergo on the path to becoming a Naval O fficer will make me better physically, mentally, and morally. I know that becoming a Naval Officer will push me to my limits and that the trials I face will result in me becoming the best that I can be. I hope that one day in the future I will have earned the right to call myself a United States Naval Officer.

Presence of Illuminati Through Ideologies Essay

Final Draft: Presence of Illuminati through Ideologies The term â€Å"Illuminati† has been frequently used by historians in the past millennium to name secretive groups that existed and operated during the past few centuries. One of the more important secretive groups and the most famous Illuminati group until date were known as the Bavarian Illuminati although today it is simply known as â€Å"The Illuminati†. According to a source, it was founded in 1776 by a group of intellectual, European-based scientists, also known as freethinkers, during the Enlightenment era as a result of demoralization by religious factions of their belief that scientific ideologies could exist side-by-side with different religious teachings (â€Å"Illuminati†, n. d. ). Of the religious factions that somewhat stood against science, the Vatican City’s Catholic Church is thought to have continuously oppressed advances in the scientific field by these European-based scientists and hence contributed largely in the formation of an Illuminati fraternity whose members solely believed in scientific logic. Barkun (2003) believes the Illuminati existed for a small period in time, roughly eleven years, before being brought down due to infiltration among themselves by the Bavarian government in the year 1787. Yet, because of the secrecy and infiltration among regional governments the Illuminati were known for, many people believed and still believe in their rather peak period after their supposed downfall. Illuminati ideologies like science over religion and total world control on upper hierarchy by single entity unknowingly being part of our systems can result in too much authority to the group that no longer includes only scientists but also highly powerful people. According to Stone (2004), present day influential bankers, industrialists(-1-) nd statesman situated in the Western Europe and North American regions follow Illuminati ideologies that affect most of the other countries in the world excluding very few Islamic countries and China who have been able to only just resist the influence. Many theories have come up stating that the Illuminati was able to gradually infiltrate the higher levels of Free Masons, another secrecy group, whose lower hierarchy was and is popular with the pu blic, perhaps to gain some sort of insulation. In fact, it can be noticed in western-based education systems in the world today where science and scientific logic is more often than not given more importance than different religious perspectives. Opponents of this point argue that religion in general is understood and practiced by a very large number people side-by side with scientific studies and logic. These people deem scientific logic as still very young in comparison to religious logic and that science has ever since been changing not only in terms of developing new things but also in terms of modifying old findings while religion does not seem to go against itself. Although it is true that religion is practiced by a very large number of people, the fact that it is not promoted enough in educational institutes influenced by western-based education (-2-) systems in comparison to science today shows how the ideology of science over religion has slowly sneaked into the education sector itself. It can be seen that in places where science and western-based education systems are flourishing, a lot of people tend to look at everything based on the scientific logic and are gradually deviating from religious teachings that are mostly only inherited from parents today without them really knowing about it. Stone (2004) had once said in one of his articles that through control of institutes of higher studies, the western primary, secondary and tertiary education systems will be influenced by the authority of science. According to another writer known as Bradshaw, David Tappan, a professor of Divinity at Harvard, had once warned the college’s students of the extent of influence Illuminati agents had in the newly created United States of America (2003). Tappan had also talked about how one of the main aims of these influential people was to gain total control over the direction of education in the States. We can see in our small history how education of any type or in any field has played a very important role in the world when it comes to developing peoples’ minds and somewhat molding their way of thinking. Add to this the main idea of the article â€Å"Rising above the Storm: Science Education in the 21st Century,† that increase in science education is the key for the future of the U. S. economy and that the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) should work to increase promotion of science in western-based education systems (n. d. ) and we can see how influence of science over religion is greater than ever through these education systems that are already science-based increasing the likeliness of Illuminati presence. Another Illuminatist ideology is that of infiltration among governments. Opponents of this ideology believe that the representatives of the Illuminati are merely highly publicized for(-3-) nfiltration among many North American and Western Europe governments and gain of power to affect world decisions perhaps due to the Illuminati’s background of successful infiltrations among many governments in the past. They use the point that we live in a world of many strong democratic nations with some nations still continuing to be under sovereign rule today to argue that it is highly unlikely that the Illuminatists are able to infiltrate governmen ts today. They also argue that even if they somehow manage to do so, they will not be able to influence any final decision-making due to the fact that so many government policies and rules are in place in each country to facilitate decision-making and that it seems far-fetched to think that such strong governments not only have been infiltrated by a few people but also have lost too much authority or power in making important decisions among each of the nations. With so many nations becoming democratic, we can see how easy it has become for Illuminatists to infiltrate other governments through the spread of democratic policies and get closer to achieving enough power to affect the entire world’s decisions making the likely or eventual existence of the Illuminati a possibility indeed. Examples of a few events that were against the beliefs of many democratic nations but yet took place are the forceful formation of the Jewish nation of Israel and the creation of region-based trading blocs’ side-by-side with promotion of free trade. Creation of a region-based trading bloc binds its regional country members into some sort of a single empire or one country and affects in the sense that it causes sudden changes to the way people in individual countries used to work and trade with other regional and non-regional countries. A third Illuminatist ideology is that of collecting real or natural wealth through the private banking sector. Banking is not something new but the ways banks function has always been changing in the course of our history. Private interest-rate banking was also another centuries old development but became increasingly popular among the general public from the late 18th century as a mode of safely storing and easily trading accumulated natural wealth such as gold and rare metals through paper receipts commonly known to us today as money or(-5-) currency. These receipts, initially basically used to replace unnecessary physical transactions of gold and metals, are now looked upon as a symbol of wealth. Since this operational system of storing real wealth and giving out receipts allows for easy movement and calculation of wealth which in turn results in quicker bank-related transactions, private banking is thought to have played a huge role role in economic development of many nations. From the average individual bank user to the big businesses and bankers themselves comprises a large group of ardent supporters of private banking and they undoubtedly argue in favor of private interest-rate banking. Their point of argument is based on the basic idea that private banking is the competitive and essential sector of banking where private firms compete against each other with the main aim of making huge profits and so it is very difficult if not impossible for followers of Illuminati ideology of natural wealth collection to use private interest-rate banking to their advantage and affect world economies. There is no doubt that wealth transfer has been made easy through banking but this has happened at the replacement of natural reserves of gold, oil and land with paper and electronic money/currency for economic transactions. All Illuminati ideologies lead to the main aim of gradual formation of a single entity, more commonly known as â€Å"New World Order† (NWO), by controlling positions in the upper hierarchy of each country’s ruling body through the spread of organizations in support of democratic policies, the removal of sovereignty and the creation of international organizations such as United Nations and hence affecting the individual people negatively.

Diversity and Globalization Essay

Women in motion: globalization, state policies and labor migration in Asia is one of the major works by Nana Oishi. As a writer, Nana provides an analysis about labor migration in Asia with a close look at the patterns of female migration from various countries. Certain provisions are made that governs both receiving and sending countries in matters of female migration. Nana is critical in various theories that are conventional in economic theories of migration. A major area she is interested in is the driving factors reflecting in the source country. She is also very much concerned with structuralist theories relating to patterns of labor migration. Nana criticizes household strategies adopted by international migration as it has failed to consider household members as reliable individuals in a position to make independent decisions. The number of female immigrants has increased in the past owing to factors such as poverty, looking for good jobs, globalization effect and family problems (Oishi, 28). Female migration has a number of negative effects which include increased levels of sexual abuse, dislocation in family ties which has a social implication and increased vulnerabilities as a result of low incomes of the unskilled. The receiving country has the right to protect individual’s rights of female migration to avoid violation of human fundamental rights. A number of policies need to be considered but two major outstanding policies are enforcement of dual citizenship laws and dissemination of information with a view of incorporating female migrants in programs and institutional structures. Leaders in the receiving country should establish laws that protect the rights of non-citizens such as female migrants. The existence of such migrants perhaps is an aspect of blessing to the receiving country through various developments. Existence of dual-citizenship laws protects such individuals from discrimination, violence and other forms of human abuse. Once a female migrates to another country, she should acquire citizenship rights of that particular country. The migrant acquires equal rights like any other citizen and thus she is protected from vices such as slavery, sexual abuse or forced labor (Oishi, 60). The receiving countries are supposed to observe friendly legal systems that promote female migrants dignity. Another major consideration as a protective policy that should be adopted by the receiving country is provision of programs that absorbs female migrants in institutional structures. The reasons that results to female migration such as academic advancement, seeking for good jobs and poverty can be resolved through such programs. It is important for the receiving country to clearly understand such reasons for purpose of protecting their dignity. Considering the humanitarian aspect of life, leaders in receiving countries should incorporate female migrants in programs that promote their rights. Enrolling female migrants into institutions allows them to acquire skills and hence be in a position to seek employment. With skills the female migrants can support their own needs without bothering other individuals which is a reason for discrimination. The educational programs also help female migrants to know their rights and feel protected. The McDonaldization of sushi The eating patterns of individuals in the entire world have changed and this is attributed to globalization in the aspect of culture. Food culture is one of the major debates in developed and developing nations which have significance influence on globalization. This is clearly reflected in the argument by Sasha Isenberg in â€Å"The Sushi Economy†. It is an article that clearly reflects on globalized food culture and commerce. In many parts of the world, Macdonald foods have dominated the food sector. MacDonaldization which is a term derived from MacDonald’s has influenced the eating habits of many individuals (Issenberg, 17). This thus is a clear reflection about the influence of globalization in various economic sectors. The spread of various MacDonald fast food restaurants in the world has an impact in the way the global economy is being implemented. The global economy in this aspect relates to diversification of certain aspects of economic fields which promotes establishment of common way of life. In Japan, there are many fast foods stop over that provides both civilians and visitors the capacity to taste their food culture. Development in various economic sectors and establishment of similar practices in the entire economy results to a common way of people’s life. Food culture is one of the most recognized impacts of globalization which is promoted by modernization. The global economy which is influenced by interaction of people from various regions of the world is highly reflected in food culture. MacDonaldization by Sushi thus talks more about global economy which has an impact in many lives of individuals. One major impact of global economy is influence on individual’s life which changes the eating habits. In this aspect, McDonaldization of Sushi reflects clearly on the impact of global economy in eating habits of people. Any person from developed countries traveling in developing nations is in a position to receive equivalent services in the scope of fast foods. This is seen as a major achievement for both state and promotes the growth of global economy. The growth of economy as a result of globalization and food culture has seen various developments in other food items. A more corresponding aspect is in fish as a food stuff which is reaching the same status as MacDonald. Fish as a food stuff is high recognized by nutritionists as a source of proteins that is essential for body building. Another common aspect of fish is its easiness to prepare and serve to customers (Issenberg, 25). In both developed and developing states, the availability of fish makes it to dominate the global markets. Considering these provisions, it becomes very easy for fish to resemble Sushi success. Developing states are seen as the cheap source of quality fish such as Africa and as an influence of globalization in the aspect of transportation it becomes easy to supply the commodity in global markets. The global economy is promoted through consideration of such policies making it easy for economy to grow fast. Diversification of food culture and change in lifestyle resulting from economic development makes individuals to change their eating habits. This promotes a common practice by investors in the hospitality sector. Sushi success as well as establishment of fish as a common food stuff promotes global economy. Globalization and flow of information from different perspectives makes it possible to trade fast foods such as fish through the supermarkets and other retail outlets. Since it is served as take away, travelers and children usually enjoy the food stuffs. Globalization in this aspect has led to establishment of certain policies necessary to transform global economy from one state to another. Works Cited Issenberg, Sasha, The Sushi Economy: Globalization and the Making of a Modern Delicacy, Gotham, 2007 Oishi, Nana, Women in Motion: Globalization, State Policies, and Labor Migration in Asia, Stanford University Press, 2005

Chocolate in the Ivory Coast

In countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali children are sent away from their families to cocoa farms in exchange for promised money and other useful items for their family. Families will â€Å"send their children to work†, or basically sell, them for promised goods that are usually never received. Even though it is not slavery, there are still many moral problems with the cocoa farming. The children work long hours, in dangerous conditions, for usually nothing more than a bed to sleep in and minimal food to eat.Children from these poor countries are sent to The Ivory Coast in search of skills that will help them in life or help their family, but most of the time they are just taken advantage of. Cocoa farming in The Ivory coast is morally and ethically wrong because the children are taken advantage of and they are forced into a type of â€Å"slavery† The children that are taken from countries like Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, and Mali are severely taken advanta ge of for many reasons.First of all, they are promised goods in exchange for their service that most of the time are not delivered or provided. Most of the time these services are just ploys to take these children into â€Å"slavery†. Most children go to work at the farms under the impression that they will learn skills or jobs that they can use to help their family. Most of the time the only skill they learn is how to pick and cut open cocoa beans.As well as being taken advantage of, the children are also forced into hard work that is only slightly different from slave labor. The hours are horribly long, and they rarely get breaks so they basically work all day. The conditions are dangerous, as the children are using sharp machetes in dense fields, and can often cut themselves or other workers. They are not paid, but work only for a bed to sleep in and a small amount of food.It is also seldom to find children that leave the farms because they do not know where to go or what to do. The small food and bed they get is better than starving on the streets for many of them. To conclude, the process of using child labor to farm cocoa in the ivory coast is a very labor intensive and dangerous process that children should not be doing. Families send their children to work at the farms and most of the time the children do not leave. This process violates several moral and ethical standards, and needs to be changed.

Les Paul

Thesis Statement Within the very foundation of rock, blues, jazz and pop, the very same inventions of Les Paul denotes guitar-heavy music with an extreme debt owed to him.   Les Paul guitar models, Telecaster and the Gibson, are the most popular electric guitars among rock performers. The effects have been wide ranging, from rock and rolls Grateful Dead guitarist Jerry Garcia to legendary jazz great Duke Ellington, Les Paul has had a profound influence on musicians not only in the United States but around the world as they listened to his records and copied his style. The history of the modern jazz guitar began with many who played with Benny Goodman, (In Los Angeles in 1942, Les played with Nat King Cole on â€Å"Blues†). During his years on the main jazz scene, he revolutionized guitar playing. To be sure, there were guitarists with a longer history but it almost seems as if there are two different types of guitars.   What played before Les Paul and what played after he finished. Before Paul, the guitar was essentially an instrument of rhythm and harmonic accompaniment. Paul was known interestingly enough to develop guitar leads as he was simply creating the sound of many guitars and singers from one guitar and one voice. From the development of the electric guitar to the tape recorder were all possible only through the innovative vision of Les Paul.   Paul’s ingenious overdubbing or layered construction process of recording music was revolutionary. Les Paul Examining the development of original American music, whether it’s blues, country, jazz or rock, the reader has found, intertwined that in American music all roads lead to the guitar which in turn leads to Les Paul. Like all ironies of the truth, Les Paul's interest in music began at age eight with an interest in the harmonica.   It’s been said the inspiration came from a Waukesha ditch digger. Even though he played the piano professionally, his formal musical training consisted of a few unsuccessful piano lessons. A bad automobile accident in Oklahoma in January 1948 almost silenced his music forever.  Ã‚   He could not play the guitar for a year and a half.   It also gave him two choices; the first was to have the arm amputated or have the right arm set at a permanent right angle suitable for guitar playing.   Clearly he chose the latter. Les Paul is the most significant contributor in the development of modern electric instruments and recording technology. Paul has lead the way in the development of the Gibson Les Paul guitar, bearing his name; the solid-body electric guitar.   This concept was developed under his design. To this day, the Gibson is one of the most well known and market tested models that still stands up as an excellent product.   On merits of its own that would satisfy as a single most important contribution to the music industry, Les Paul also the developed the multi-track recording process and various reverb and echo effects. Technically, the guitar is a fretted, stringed instrument, and is a member of the lute family.   Originating from Persia, the instrument reached Spain during the 12th century. Through the years, the guitar has shown versatility as both a solo and accompanying instrument. In essence, Paul was unsatisfied by the electric guitars available in the mid 1930s so he began to experiment with the design the basic guitar. The product solved two main problems for guitar players; the â€Å"feedback† and â€Å"sustain† issues, respectively. Les Paul designed and constructed one of the first solid-body electric guitars in 1941.   Based on Paul’s designed in the early 1950’s, the Gibson Guitar Corporation of Nashville, Tennessee designed a guitar integrating Paul's properties. Subsequently, the company and Paul got together and professional relationship was established. Hence, what is now known as the â€Å"Les Paul† model was born. Originally it was developed only in a â€Å"gold top† version which was the central part of the agreement between Paul and Gibson.   However there were a few rough spots along the way between the two entities. Gibson Les Pauls were modified by the company over the years and clearly Paul always preferred to oversee the process.   But in the end Paul resumed his relationship with Gibson, and endorses the instrument even today. To this day, the Gibson Les Paul guitar is used all over the world, both by novice and professional guitarists. Multi-track recording In an experiment that bean in Les Paul's garage, Paul played eight different parts on electric guitar, some of them recorded at half-speed, hence â€Å"double-fast† when played back at normal speed for the master. Paul would record a track onto a disk, and then record himself playing another part with the first. This was the first time that multi-tracking had been used in a recording. Capitol Records released the recording â€Å"Brazil† in 1947. â€Å"As multi-track recording gradually became standard practice in rock, the distinction between recording and mixing as separate stages of a project grew. It is not uncommon at the mixing stage to move a project to a different studio or to hand over recorded tracks to a new engineer. (Zak, pg 128) Making records is intrinsically a collaborative creative process, involving the efforts of a team whose members interact in various ways. Because of Les Paul’s the â€Å"artist† is mostly the tasks involved in making a record. Pre and post production has become the foundation to many artists’ careers, once again thanks to Les Paul. Without equal, even within today’s music industry a legacy of innovations has been handed down by Les Paul and taken up by Van Halen, Joe Satriani and Steve Vai’s playing and guitar designs as they too help to redefine the instrument. (Bennett, pg 7) Les Paul has had a staggeringly life long influence over the way American and world popular music has sounded over the last 5 generations.   Even today the influence is honored and recognized and as on of the most significant impact upon the jazz, blues, rock, hip hop music worlds. What seems most striking about Les Paul, even at the age of 91, is how he has bridged popular music-making and technology. Paul touches on what will be central issues in the aesthetics of production and reception in pop: relations between the performers’s body and instrument, how sounds are attached to instruments and the way musical sounds. And because of him, in homes that could scarcely afford furniture of any kind, let alone a piano, the heart of the musician, found its outlet wood or metal across which a few wire strings. Reference(s) Zak III, Albin J.  Ã‚   The Poetics of Rock: Cutting Tracks, Making Records. Publisher: University of California Press. Place of Publication: Berkeley, CA. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 128. Bennett, Andy Guitar Cultures Publisher: Berg. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 7.            

Is social inequality meritocratic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is social inequality meritocratic - Essay Example One motive for the incredible persistence of social hierarchies is that they are reinforced by ideology, cultural viewpoints that cause and maintain the interest of definite categories of people and justify stratification. Naturally, ideology takes the structure of developing cultural patterns that are confirmed directly and indirectly in accordance with a disproportionate distribution of resources and rights to definite categories of people. Melvin M. Tumin studied social stratification and inequality and summarized: functional justification is similar to class system; we act according to certain patterns or sets of ideas. Social stratification can in fact cause demotivation of people, those who are deprived of their rights might also be demotivated. Also Tumin states that social stratification depends on relations of power and distribution of power in society. "The main functional necessity explaining the universal presence of stratification is precisely the requirement faced by an y society of placing and motivating individuals in the social structure. As a functioning mechanism a society must somehow distribute its members in social positions and induce them to perform the duties of these positions. It must thus concern itself with motivation at two different levels: to instill in the proper individuals the desire to fill certain positions, and, once in these positions, the desire to perform the duties attached to them" (Tumin, 1953, socserv2.mcmaster.ca, par. 5). Social inequality systems' purpose is to provide the privileged classes with the political power needed to obtain recognition and supremacy of an ideology which rationalizes the status quo, whatever it may be, as "logical," "natural" and "morally right. This way, social inequality systems are those of fundamentally conservative influences in the societies in which they are established. So Tumin states that meritocracy is based on the importance of one's status and occupation.Social-conflict perspec tive shows that, rather than benefiting society as a whole, social stratification guarantees that some people get advantage at the expense of others. Karl Marx states that the two main social classes match to the two basic relationships people have to the resources of production. People can own property or they can work for others. In industrialized class models, the capitalists (or the) manage plants, which use the manual labor of workers (the proletariat). Work that consists mostly of manual labor is known as "blue-collar" work whereas work that contains middle-management office jobs is known as "white-collar" jobs. Marx believed that social disparity was dangerous for society. Marx gives a vivid contraposition of those two classes and suggests that social inequality is exactly meritocratic, since 'white-collar' class is more privileged and comprises elite, which exploits proletarians, or people who have no own property. The inner merit of person from higher class is that he or sh e was born in such family and belongs to bourgeoisie.Marx's and Weber's concepts are similar in many aspects, so the author decided to compare them. The idea of class and class struggle does not occupy as significant a role in Weber as in Marx. In Weber's opinion, the rising speed of bureaucracy in all organizations is an unavoidable of the

Literature Review and Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature Review and Report - Essay Example The growth of wines in the market urged Fosters to move in these wine industries, and he earns more than expected compared to its previous business, the beer company. In the USA, it’s been stated that its continuous growth in the past 30 years has enjoyed and has never experienced two years of falling demand. But this summed up had changed when overcapacity in the production of wines occurred. And unfortunately, this instance is now the source of many of Foster’s problems. Beringer Blass Wine Estates (2004), for instance, consolidated some production and warehousing facilities, wrote down the book value of excess bulk wine inventory, and selected "non-strategic vineyards" in California and Australia to put up for sale. Same with what happened to Fosters when he encountered the overcapacity in his production, forcing Fosters to make changes before his wine business will automatically descends By the first half of 2003, Fosters earnings had dropped to 64 percent due to deep price cutting since other wine business, or its competitors had cut away their profit margins. The immediate fall of earnings of Fosters obliged him to cut costs levelled with the costs of its competitors. But Fosters didn’t engage immediately in planned change before its wine business got into trouble. Fosters was expecting that, sooner, the sales he produced on the preceding years will continue on the following years. But he rather experienced more difficulties and therefore cleared that Fosters needed to undergo significant changes to get back on track. The first he does was the appointment of a new chief executive, Trevor O’Hoy, which also headed the wine business. Their main focussed under the new chief executive, which are the biggest threats to Fosters successfully carrying out this change program, was focussed on cutting costs and improving efficiencies. An established company in a maturing market is

Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Process - Essay Example This process, based on a particular projects requirement, can follow an engineering-based approach, a structured approach, or an incremental approach (Jawadekar, 2004). However, in recent years, software development firms have adopted methodologies that are a mix of different software development methodologies. According to Jawadekar (2004), software development process is usually made up of the following stages: Comprehension and analysis of the specific problems and requirements of a client Planning – developing a strategic plan for the development of the software Creating a design for the customized software solution Implementation – actual development of the software, which entails coding Testing – entails unit testing and whole system testing Installation – deploying the actual system/software Maintenance and error fixing All these stages combined make up the software development process, also well known as SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle). Base d on the needs of the client, more or less time may be devoted to any of the stages mentioned above. Process Stages Explained The diagram above (Figure 1.0) illustrates the stages followed in a software development process. The Requirements stage entails defining the required information, behaviors, functions, interfaces, and performance of the software product to be built. The Planning stage entails the preparation of a strategic plan that is expected to guide the development of the software. It defines important deliverables, timelines and milestones. The Design stage involves creation of a design based on the client’s requirements. It entails defining and designing of the software architecture, data structures, algorithmic details, and interface representations. Implementation entails actual writing of software source code, database design, unit testing and user documentation. The Testing stage entails testing of the source code. System, unit, and user acceptance or usabil ity testing are also performed at this stage. The Installation stage, also known as the deployment, is the last stage in the initial development process (Jawadekar, 2004). This is where the software units are integrated into one unit. Some testing also occurs at this stage, since the software is made for an actual business and used by actual users. As a result, there is extensive monitoring of bugs, or errors. Additionally, training is done at this stage and any customizations required are carried out (Jawadekar, 2004). Maintenance entails making enhancements and changes to system before it can officially be handed over to the client. Faults discovered during testing are corrected. Process Audience Description The intended audience for this process includes project leader, management, the client, testers, and development team members (Jawadekar, 2004). It is important for the project leader since this process helps guide the whole project and, therefore, it is important for the proj ect leader, especially in terms of project monitoring, duty assignment and delegation, deliverables and milestone tracking. As far as the overall management is concerned, this process is important since it helps know what to expect and when to expect it. It also offers an outline of how a particular software product will be developed and delivered. They are especially involved at the end of each stage since they are responsible for evaluating deliverables and ensuring

Evaluation report of NLA and Work Based Learning Essay

Evaluation report of NLA and Work Based Learning - Essay Example I believe it is very essential and undeniable for everyone as well as for me that educational qualifications and continuous self-assessments help in grooming and developing ones perspective as well as refining his/her understanding regarding the possessed potentials when defining their career plan. Undoubtedly, this course has played a pivotal role in structuring and polishing my knowledge substantially, helping me to redefine my career goals and plans further. Overall, it guided me to have a great career ahead. In context to the above-mentioned points, the main objective of this essay is to evaluate the importance of the Negotiated Learning Agreement (NLA), contributing to my abilities and critical understanding. The essay also emphasises the value and the importance of the work base knowledge in my career. It also reflects the way the education and the career goals have changed my viewpoints towards life in the competitive job market environment as well as in the employer organisation as well. Ultimately, it can be asserted that the course has helped me to review and access my performance throughout the NLA process and during my placement process. To be noted in this regards, the work-based learning program, in lieu of the placement process has helped me to overcome many problems and issues about which I lacked previous understanding, further helping me to clear the interview mitigating the gaps between the requirements of the employer and my competencies. Nevertheless, it has helped me t o notify the gaps, which may arise in the future related to my career and take preventive measures accordingly. It also clarifies my doubt of how to develop my CV and to build a better career. I am a marketing management student. It was owing to my passion towards organisational management that I ultimately decided to select this management course. I believe that it will help me to meet the criteria that are needed to build a strong career in the field of

EMBA 530 Innovation and entreprenuership initial post Essay

EMBA 530 Innovation and entreprenuership initial post - Essay Example nchisor’s quality standards; (2) the franchisor (a) has significant control over how the franchisee operates its business, or (b) significantly assists the franchisee in operating its business; and (3) the franchisee is obligated to make a payment or to promise to pay the franchisor to being operating the franchise† (U.S. GPO, 2013). Clearly, franchising is governed by legalities because rights overlap in these types of businesses. The franchisor and the franchisee are limited in their prerogatives – an important consideration in considering whether the franchise is actually an enterprise (MumdÃ… ¾iev & Windsperger, 2011). There are pros and cons to a positive answer. Entrepreneurs should be able to assess their environment and determine marketing strategies including determining product design, pricing strategy, distribution and promotion, also finance and production methods – capabilities which in a franchise are often stipulated by the franchisor. On the other hand, it may be argued that the franchisee is an entrepreneur because he risks his own capital and actually runs the business (unlike a mere investor), and also strategizes in terms of place because it is often the franchisee who chooses the venue and provides the physical facilities. It may be argued in this case that the franchisee still did the strategic choices when he chose one particular franchisor in a pool of many other alternatives. As a legal entity created by mutual assent, the nature of the franchise is determined largely by the specific contract entered into by the franchisor and the franchisee. The franchisor may be relatively liberal, i.e. letting the franchisee determine the product offerings like McDonald’s did in India where people do not eat beef, or the contract may be very specific such as McDonald’s franchises within the U.S. Ketchen, Short & Combs (2011) have asked the same question distinguishing enterprise from franchise, and instead of giving a straightforward

Jacques-Louis David Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jacques-Louis David - Essay Example However, he was more interested in drawing than studying to be an architect. Because of David’s growing discontent and his failure to do well at the college, his mother and uncles sent him to study under a distant relative; Francois Boucher, a well-known Rococo artist. Soon Boucher also recognized David’s restlessness and his rejection of the Rococo genre. As a result of this Boucher persuaded his friend, Joseph-Marie Vien, to take David under wing for the purpose of instruction him in the classical painting style. He also wanted Vien to see to it that David the attended the Royal Academy-later to be known as The Louvre. Attending the academy represented another turning point in David’s life. Finally, he was able to do what he wanted to do. Excited about the possibilities now awaiting him, it wasn’t long until he met a constitute-Gavin Hamilton. With his approval and others of the same thinking, it wasn’t long until David was confident in his own abilities and works. Soon he was recognized as one of the most important artists of the neo-classical movement. However, he felt he could do more in Paris, and returned there in 1780. In the years following this, David began to be considered as one of the most serious artists of the times to represent the social and political society in which they lived. Still under tutelage of Vien, David was full of ambition and confident in his work to the point of believing he could win the academy’s acclaimed â€Å"Prix de Rome† award. After several failed attempts to do so, David became enraged at the judges, including Vien, for their favoring lesser talented students over him. According to legend, David was so upset over this that he attempted to starve himself. Overcoming his despair, he continued to compete for the award, and in 1774, he succeeded- his diligence had finally been rewarded. Soon after this, Vien was appointed director of the French Academy of Rome in Italy.