The Life of a Slave in the 1800’s

The Life of a Slave in the 1800’s Life as a slave was very difficult. As many as 4. 5 million slaves were working in Southern plantations in the early to mid-1800’s. There were two types of slaves; field slaves and house slaves. People think that being a house slave was easier but this proves that theory wrong. Slaves had terrible environments, were separated from family and friends, and were sometimes beaten to death. Whites knew that slavery was wrong and immoral. Though, it still continued.Being a field slave was not at all easy. A field slave worked from sunrise to sunset, but during harvest, they worked an eighteen-hour day. A field worker was out in the field when the first sign of light shone until it was too dark to see. Women field workers worked the same hours as men. Pregnant women were expected to work until the child was born, and after the child's birth the woman worked in the field with the child on her back. Field workers lived in tiny huts with dirt for a floor.These small huts gave absolutely no protection against the cold winter winds. Slaves slept on rough blankets inside the hut. After a day on a cotton plantation the slaves got in a line to have their cotton weighed and receive their daily food. The minimum amount of cotton to be picked in one day was 200 pounds. At about the age of twelve a child's work became almost the same as an adult's. The field slaves were watched all day long by a white person with a whip. If they did not work up to the expectations, they were beaten and sometimes killed.A benefit of a field slave, however, was that slaves got Sundays off and maybe parts of Saturday unless it was during harvest. Most house slaves were living under better conditions than field workers. However, house slaves did not get Sunday off and usually attended church with their owners. House slaves cleaned, cooked, served meals, and took care of the children. Some house slaves lived in attics, closets, or corners in the big hous e even if their families lived in the quarters. A cook's day was long and hard.A cook got up early in the morning to cook breakfast, and the day ended with cleaning up after dinner and gathering firewood for the next day. These slaves sometimes stole food from the owner. A house slave had a better opportunity to learn how to read and write. They often listened in on their owner's conversations so they were able to warn field slaves of the owner auctioning certain slaves and other important things. House slaves did many other things like waited on tables, washed, roned, took up and put down carpets, swept floors, dusted furniture, hoed and weeded gardens, and collected the chicken eggs. They also took care of the infants allowing the owner to do whatever they wanted. Although house slaves had more privileges, being a house slave was not much, if any easier than being a field worker. At the time, slaves were separated from their families and auctioned off to white families so that the y could work as servants whether it was in the fields picking cotton and tobacco or working inside doing all of the house chores and practically raising the children.Slaves were most likely to have been in a family where they were beaten horrendously if they did not meet the expectations that the white folks had for them. Back then, society looked at slaves like they weren’t fully human and shouldn’t be treated as one. Like anyone else would say, it is very safe to say that having a life of a slave in the 1800’s was not easy. WORKS CITED: http://library. thinkquest. org/CR0215086/dailylife. htm

monetary policy Essay

monetary policy Essay monetary policy Essay Analyse how monetary policy might be used to influence the level of Australia’s economic activity. Monetary policy is the Reserve Bank’s use of changes in interest rates to influence the level of the money supply and economic activity to achieve the basic economic objectives. This involves stability of Australia’s currency, maintenance of full employment and the economic prosperity and welfare of Australians. More importantly, the Reserve Bank of Australia’s approach to monetary policy is based on the achievement of an inflation target between 2 to 3 per cent. The main instrument of monetary policy is Market Operations (DMOs) whereby it involves actions by the Reserve Bank to buy or sell second- hand government securities (CGS) in the official money market to influence the cash rate. This, in turn, may dampen or enhance economic growth. The cash rate is the interest rate in the official money market. In order to reduce economic activity, the RBA will increase interest rates through the use of a tightening monetary policy. This will involve the RBA selling securities in the official money market which is comprised of banks with exchange settlement funds. The RBA will offer a high yield in order to retrieve excess funds from banks, which ultimately reduces the supply of cash in the official money market. As a result, cash rate will rise, forcing banks to push this cost onto their customers through increasing interest rates to remain profitable. Consequently, changes in interest rates will affect the level of economic activity, however these impacts are unlikely to be immediate as articulated by Philip Lowe in 2010, â€Å"It takes time for changes in monetary policy to have their full effect on the economy.† Employing a tightening monetary policy to increase interest rates will be effective in discouraging consumer spending whilst enhancing the level of savings within an eco nomy as obtaining loans become increasingly difficult. Interest rate changes can also affect the value of assets Consumers will also be more inclined to make mortgage and debt repayments rather than spend. Accordingly, aggregate demand and economic activity will decrease allowing for the achievement of government objective regarding the maintenance of economic growth between 3-4%. Evidently, the rate increases of 0.25% in May, August and November 2006 were intended to keep economic growth on target and reduce inflationary pressures. A rise in interest rates will additionally lead to significant capital inflow through attracting foreign investment which may lead to the appreciation of the Australian dollar and a decrease in the global competitiveness of its exports. On the domestic scale, however, higher interest rates result in a decline in business investment levels as firms tend to save their income rather than purchase capital when the cost of servicing debt rises and cash flows decline. Despite lowering inflation, reduced aggregate demand will consequently contribute to a decrease in income levels and reduced employment growth, as part of the transmission

6 Unusual Online Certificate Programs

6 Unusual Online Certificate Programs So, you’re not interested in an online MBA. You’d prefer to lead a rally, write a memoir, or brew the perfect craft beer? Never fear. Several colleges offer online certificate programs that appeal less to sharp-suited business people and more to the garden-growing, media-sharing, beer-brewing types. Interested? Take a look at these unique distance education programs: The Business of Craft Brewing Online Certificate (Portland State University) Through this four-course series, â€Å"industry specialists† teach students everything they need to know to start up and run a successful craft brewery. Courses include â€Å"Basic Business for Craft Beverages,† â€Å"Craft Beverage Business Management,† â€Å"Strategic Craft Beverage Marketing,† and â€Å"Finance and Accounting for the Craft Brewery.† Students are also invited to fly out to Portland to take part in the optional â€Å"Craft Beverage Immersion Excursion,† spending three days meeting with brewery owners, tasting Portland beers, and touring the Oregon beer empire. Cheers. Certificate in Organic Agriculture (University of Washington) If you have a green thumb and a fondness for organic food, the University of Washington Certificate in Organic Agriculture might be for you. The college touts this 18-credit program as a good fit for â€Å"those wanting to pursue a career in organic agriculture, anyone interested in beginning a community supported agriculture (CSA) enterprise, [and] home gardeners.† As a student, you’ll take online courses such as â€Å"Organic Gardening and Farming,† â€Å"Agriculture, Environment, and Community,† and â€Å"Food Safety and Quality.†Ã‚   You’ll also be required to complete an internship, which can be done by volunteering through a local organic farm, organic certifying agency, or organic business. Sustainability Certificate (Harvard Extension School) If you want to promote a sustainability in your community or business, Harvard’s Sustainability Certificate provides instruction from world-class thinkers. Students in this program take five courses. â€Å"Knowledge Set† courses such as â€Å"Energy and the Environment,† â€Å"Strategies for Sustainability Management,† and â€Å"Sustainable Business and Technology,† provide students with a common foundation of understanding. â€Å"Skill Set† courses such as â€Å"Catalyzing Change: Sustainability Leadership for the Twenty-First Century† and â€Å"Introduction to Sustainable Buildings,† help students take action. It’s also important to note that, although this certificate is coming from an ivy-league school, it is an open-access program. Anyone can simply start taking courses towards certificate completion without the need to apply. New Urbanism Online Certificate (Miami School of Architecture) Those with a passion for cities community building may be interested in the New Urbanism Online Certificate. Students earning the certificate are prepared to take the Congress for New Urbanism accreditation exam. (Although you should also be aware that the exam can be taken without the certificate). The New Urbanism certificate is self-paced and takes students through the basics of creating walkable, sustainable places. Course units include: â€Å"A Crisis of Place and the Alternative of the New Urbanism,† â€Å"Ecology Built Legacy,† â€Å"Architecture, Local Culture, and Community Identity,† â€Å"Green Building and Historic Preservation,† and â€Å"Implementing New Urbanism.† Creative Nonfiction Writing Online Certificate (UCLA Extension Program) If you’re serious about writing that best-selling memoir, personal essay, or political history, take a look at this UCLA creative non-fiction program. You’ll focus most of your 36 credits on intensive creative non-fiction instruction. You’ll also have the opportunity to choose from electives in poetry, playwriting, and fiction. Best of all, students that complete the coursework are given a consultation with a UCLA Writer’s Program instructor, detailed notes, and an in-person or phone critique session. Certificate in Community Organizing (Empire State College) What would you like to see change in your community? If you have a quick answer to that question but don’t know how to make it happen, consider earning a Certificate in Community Organizing. Empire State’s program arms students with knowledge about justice, power dynamics, and navigating government environments. It aims to help learners develop a skill set that can be applied to create lasting change in their communities. This 12-credit program includes courses such as â€Å"Advocacy in State and Community-Level Government,† â€Å"Race, Gender, and Class in U.S. Public Policy,† and â€Å"Human Service Policy.† To complete the certificate, students are required to apply their learning by working with real communities while taking the capstone â€Å"Community Organizing† course. Free Learning Alternatives If youd rather not jump into a major time commitment and write a big check just yet, take a look at these less formal free online classes. Youll find options for a wide array of subjects including photography, guitar, and writing.

Why I should be considered for master degree program Essay

Why I should be considered for master degree program - Essay Example I have always been a very good student getting positions and certificates. My teachers and professors always considered me a student worthy of reward. Thanks to the interest and hard work I put in, I happened to get an internship which helped me in getting acquainted with the work field. The duration of the internship was more than one year. I have also attended some training courses as well. Now, I want to enhance my knowledge regarding business through admission in masters program in business administration. I feel that I have enough knowledge and passion to show that I have a craze about going ahead in the business industry and contribute to the financial market. I keep myself updated with market requirements. I keep on reading related journals, books and magazines, and attend related seminars being held in my vicinity. I feel that I possess those special skills needed to fulfill the requirements for this course. I have always come up fresh, innovative and unique ideas. I have learnt basic computer knowledge and softwares, so as to equip myself with the latest technology that may help me in excelling in this course. I also possess the ability of synchronizing and connecting together the thoughts of the teacher and the student in a successful way. I have always thought about bringing my knowledge into use that I gained during my college. This enthusiasm is what pulls me to apply for this MBA degree. I am also interested in various aspects of business, like ethical leadership and conflict management. I believe that a leader must be able to resolve conflicts with efficiency. He must be ethical in his decisions and ideas. It is also important to stay in ethical boundaries while dealing with partners, shareholders, buyers, suppliers, and especially, the customers. I believe that customers are the most important asset of a business. I want to gain further

MAE Assingment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MAE Assingment - Assignment Example Dev.   0.025827   11240942   65635008   0.019383   Observations   45   45   45   45 Table 1 above presents the descriptive statistics for our variables of interest. The only point of concern that may arise in this situation is that all the variables reflect some degree of skewness which violates the normality assumption. Additionally, the fact that the number of observations is only 45 may also be a point of concern since this can lead to small sample bias. 2. Time plots Figure 1: Time plot of P There are no seasonal patterns evident in the time plot of P. Figure 2: Time plot of Q The time plot of Q exhibits strong seasonal variations. Figure 3: Time plot of G As is evident from figure 3 above, similar to the time plot of P, the time plot of G also does not exhibit seasonal fluctuations. Figure 4: Time plot of X Figure 4 shows that X also follows a seasonally fluctuating pattern 3. Thus, there is strong evidence of seasonal fluctuations among the Q and X series. Thi s is visible in the oscillatory patterns that these series seem to follow. The series P and G exhibit no seasonal patterns. Additionally, all the series reflect a steady upward trend. Therefore inclusion of seasonal dummies is important since our dependent variable Q does exhibit seasonal fluctuations. ... 18.31869 0.0000 P -7530.197 6092.988 -1.235879 0.2235 G -84559.50 9770.479 -8.654591 0.0000 X 1.865016 0.111494 16.72746 0.0000 R-squared 0.915605   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var 4442.111 Adjusted R-squared 0.909430   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S.D. dependent var 505.4463 S.E. of regression 152.1132   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion 12.97181 Sum squared resid 948675.2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion 13.13241 Log likelihood -287.8658   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. 13.03168 F-statistic 148.2710   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat 1.390217 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000 From table 2 above we find that the estimated coefficients for both P and X are significantly different from zero (evident from the t-statistic). G however is not a significant determinant of Q. The coefficients reflect that the demand for drink and tobacco is negatively influenced by the price of the items and positively influenced by the total consumer expenditure. The coefficient on G is also negative but since it is not significantly different from 0 at the 5% level, we conclude that it does not have an influence on drink and tobacco demand. Thus, our results imply that an increase in the prices of drinks and tobacco will lead to a reduction in its demand while an increase in overall consumer expenditure leads to an increase in the demand. 5. Attempting to include all four dummies leads to perfect multicollinearity. Thus we modify the equation and include dummies for the 1st 3 quarters only. Table 3 presents the results. Table 3: OLS estimation with quarterly dummies Dependent Variable: Q Method: Least Squares Date: 09/01/11 Time: 01:01 Sample: 1980Q1 1991Q1 Included observations: 45 Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.  Ã‚   C 5127.935 356.9563 14.36572 0.0000 P -8713.964 2700.994 -3.226206 0.0026 X 0.805451 0.096091 8.382187 0.0000 G -23150.70

Hometown Standpoint Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hometown Standpoint - Essay Example I come from Saudi Arabia. The family is considered the basic unit of society and members are inherently unified as well as supportive of each other from birth until adulthood. The relevant characters in my life are members of my nuclear family: my mother, brother and sister. My father died in 2001. When I got married, it was my mother who stood by me. In addition to my nuclear family, I consider my spouse and my two children relevant characters in my life. I played football as member of the national team for 20 years before my father died. When I came to America in 2011 with my wife, I started pursuing higher education. Recently, my mother was diagnosed with cancer and sought treatment a year ago. As such, from one’s standpoint, I strongly believe that as the male member of the family, considered the source of strength and support, I should strive to achieve personal and professional goals that aim improving the lives of the members of my family. All my plans and actions are undertaken to generate financial resources needed to support my children and spouse, as well as seek treatment for my mother’s illness. Since my father’s death, his absence left a void in terms of his physical and emotional support that he showered us when he was alive. As such, I try to make up for my father’s absence by frequent monitoring of my mother’s health condition. I firmly believe that the importance relegated to the fa mily as a close-knit unit of society in our culture contributed to my immense commitment to ensure that all members communicate with each other despite differences in geographic

Deforestation Essay Effects of De-forestation

Deforestation Essay Effects of De-forestation The word deforestation is used to describe the process of cutting down and burning the trees in forest and woodland and converting the land to other use. It also means that the nature of trees have changed, such as replacing slow growing native trees with fast growing woods which means that the precious eco-system of the forest into less bio-diverse ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, plantations and removal of rainforest. Forests still cover about 30 percent of the Earths surface, but each year about 13 million hecters of forest (approximately 78,000square miles) are converted to agricultural land or cleared for other purposes. There are two key issues that surround deforestation. Trees absorb CO2, helping to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Carbon is one of the key causes of global warming and reducing these gases will help to slow and stop the greenouse effect. The other issue is that trees are often cleared and burned. The wood from the trees is simply destroyed and not put to any positive use. The burning of the wood releases carbon into the atmosphere, and releasing harmful greenhouse gases, yet reducing the number of trees that would have helped to remove this from the atmosphere. It also contributes to global warming tropical deforestation for about 20 percent of all greenhouse gases and has an important impact on the global economy. Rainforest Action Network (RAN) campaigns for the forests, their inhabitants and the natural systems that sustain life by transforming the global marketplace through education, grassroots organizing, and non-violent direct action. RAN estimates that 90 percent of the rainforest is already gone. Causes of Deforestation. Some of the most common causes of deforestation are globalization, urbanization, overpopulation and climate. Trees are being cut down for construction purpose, lands are cleared for growing crops and trees are also used as firewood. Globalization in many countries has lead to deforestation as many industries and factories are build which emit carbon dioxide which affect the trees and forest. India and china are a big example. China being a big market for producing and supplying many products in various parts of the world for which trees and forest are used to produce product. Urbanization also leads to deforestation as the country develops the cutting down of trees for the use of building materials, furniture, paper products and material used for highway and roads. Forests are also cleared in order to accommodate expanding urban areas. They are cut down in order to create land for grazing cattle and for growing crops. Trees are also cut down in developing countries to be used as firewood or turned into charcoal, which are used for cooking and heating purposes. Overpopulation also causes an increase in population also means an increase in produce consumption for which the trees are being destroyed. The basic needs being shelter and food are given with the help of forests for which an optimum amount of consumption and production is needed. Overpopulation in countries like China and India are a result where deforestation rate is higher than comparative countries. Climate is also one factor for deforestation mainly acid rain. Climate not only affect the people but also trees, roads and small plants. Trees are also harmed by acid rain. Scientists say that acid rain damages the waxy outer coating that protects the leaves. When this happens, it allows the acid to seep into the tree. Instead of water changing from a liquid to a gas inside the leaves, gas is taking the place of the water. This prevents the plant from taking in carbon dioxide to perform photosynthesis, and the plant eventually dies. Global warming is another factor as the temperature increases than the average temperature which affects the plants growth or soil growth. Effects of Deforestation. The effects of deforestation are mainly causing our environment worse, such as soil erosion, biodiversity impacts and social effects. Soil Erosion Immediate effects of deforestation include the washing away of soil in the  monsoon  season. This is because trees are no longer anchoring and binding the soil and so mud slides take place. The earth is leached of minerals by the large amounts of water. The lack of vegetation also means that there will be very few animals in the area. Most of nutrients are stored in the vegetation and the trees, so if these factors getting bad cycle, our eco-system will be destroyed. Once the tree and plant are cut down, essential nutrients separate easily and are washed out by rainfall. Thus, we would lose the nutrients for our body needs for daily life. If the soil gets dries and cracks under the suns heat without the shade of the trees, we cant grow any plants since its lost the soil elements. According to the statistics, nearly 80% of tropical forest soil is now infertile, and they will cause more and more bad eco-system which will effects the animals who live there and their habitats. It may change their genetic as well. Biodiversity Although tropical forests cover only about 7 percent of the Earths dry land, they probably harbor about half of all species on Earth. Many species are so specialized to microhabitats within the forest that they can only be found in small areas. Their specialization makes them vulnerable to extinction. In addition to the species lost when an area is totally deforested, the plants and animals in the fragments of forest that remain also become increasingly vulnerable, sometimes even committed, to extinction. The edges of the fragments dry out and are buffeted by hot winds; mature rainforest trees often die standing at the margins. Cascading changes in the types of trees, plants, and insects that can survive in the fragments rapidly reduces biodiversity in the forest that remains. People may disagree about whether the extinction of other species through human action is an ethical issue, but there is little doubt about the practical problems that extinction poses. First, global markets co nsume rainforest products that depend on sustainable harvesting: latex, cork, fruit, nuts, timber, fibers, spices, natural oils and resins, and medicines. In addition, the genetic diversity of tropical forests is basically the deepest end of the planetary gene pool. Hidden in the genes of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria that have not even been discovered yet may be cures for cancer and other diseases or the key to improving the yield and nutritional quality of foods-which the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization says will be crucial for feeding the nearly ten billion people the Earth will likely need to support in coming decades. Finally, genetic diversity in the planetary gene pool is crucial for the resilience of all life on Earth to rare but catastrophic environmental events, such as meteor impacts or massive, sustained volcanism. Social Effects of Deforestation. Deforestation has so many social effects on our society its impact not only affects us humans but also plants, animals and the surrounding environment. Deforestation causes and forces the surrounding to adapt in order to survive such difficult situations. Indigenous people who consider the forests, as their primary habitats are rendered homeless when forests are depleted; we have seen the rise of this in mostly undeveloped areas where we have so many people using the forest as their primary habitat. The people living in this areas are forced to move while their surroundings are being altered. The cutting down of forest trees forces the people living around such areas to move and seek shelter elsewhere. People and Animals who live in the rainforest areas depend on their natural environment; People living in these areas close to the forest usually depend on their natural environment for basic things like food, shelter, water etc. Cutting down the trees in those areas usually have a tendency to affect all the living things surrounding those areas. Forcing all living things to migrate and look for another conducive atmosphere. Social conflicts and struggles over land and other recourses; Usually as a result of lost of lands the people living there have to migrate to other places in search of land and resources and most of the time it usually leads to conflicts. Everyone will be fighting to own the most conducive atmosphere to live in. The little resources left will be fought over. Overview Of Worldwide Deforestation. Every day hundred thousands of trees are cut down all over the world to use the timber as a major source of fuel, building material, and paper products. Urbanization has forced man to acquire huge forest areas. As population grows, the need for agricultural land has also increased over the years. Deforestation has so many negative consequences on the environment. One of the most immediate effects is the loss of habitat of many species of animals. Thus, deforestation can alter the earths biodiversity making a lot or rare species even more extinct. Deforestation also plays a major role in global warming and its also responsible to the contribution of up to 20 percent of the total greenhouse gases emitted. Trees play a major role in absorbing most of the green house gases like carbon dioxide. As lots of trees are cut down, the concentration of the green houses gases in the atmosphere increases, thus increasing the temperature of the earth. Another direct consequence of deforestation is Increased soil erosion, this can also lead to unnatural floods and droughts. Clearing forests can disrupt the normal water flow thus causing abnormal floods and droughts. Plants absorb water through roots that are then released into the atmosphere, which forms clouds and rains. Statistic. A basic statistic showing the population growth as population grows so does the rise and demand of more forests to be cut down and this leads to deforestation. This is a break down of land area per sq. km 2002 / 2008. Solution to Deforestation. Reforestation: In most parts of the world due to public awareness there have been new development that enforces reforestation and we have seen some major changes especially in countries around Asia. Legislation: Due to new laws and regulations passed we have also seen a huge developments new trees have been planted and old trees are not allowed to be cut down. If this continues there might be a chance to stop deforestation and reverse the whole process completely. Wildlife Sanctuaries: Sanctuaries are very important, not only to save wildlife, but to save trees as well. Sanctuaries go a long way in protecting all wildlife. Cities: All cities, let alone new cities, have to be managed properly. The new projects need to be controlled and planned accordingly making sure new trees are planted in the process. Commercial Forest Plantations: There can be special forest plantations for all the wood that is needed for the industry. This way the wood can be cut in a controlled and regulated environment. Water Management: Improper water management affects deforestation in a big way. If the wildlife doesnt have water, then the entire ecosystem will falter. The construction of new dams should be planned properly, so that any one area isnt deprived of water, and the other area has abundance of it. The Tree Of Hope. Haiti is one of the developing countries and nearly 70 percent of the Haitians depend on agricultural sector.Extreme soil erosion and deforestation mean that Haitis environment is one of the most devastated in the world. Only 30 percent of the land is suitable for cultivation, with the result that the majority of the rural population have anxious struggle for survial. Forests used to cover over nine tenths of Haiti: now only 1-2 per cent remains densely forested. Artist Relief Funds took the initiative to restore Haitis forest and educate local community about the overwhelming effect of deforestation on the land and the economy.  The project involves working in deforested areas with local residents in Haiti, farmers who are promoting economic sustainable development in the region through reforestation, environmental education, and wetland restoration. There is some hope. Projects with solar-powered ovens reduce the need to cut the trees for fuel. Crops best suited for poorer soils is being introduced. People are being educated that how deforestation leads to environmental and economic hardships. Some reforestation projects are under way. But all these will need to take hold and spread like wild fire if major changes are to take place. Reference List. http://www.heritagekonpa.com/Rebuilding%20Haiti%20Forest.html [Accessed 1 march 2011] http://environment.about.com/od/biodiversityconservation/a/amazonrain.html [Accessed 1 march 2011] http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/issueguides/TimberCert/deforest/index.html [Accessed 2 march 2011] http://www.birdlife.org/eu/EU_policy/Biofuels/eu_biofuels2.html [Accessed 1 march 2011] http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/13/brazil-amazon-deforestation-climate-change-copenhagen [Accessed 2 march 2011] http://meatthefacts.org/wp/category/deforestation/ [Accessed 1 march 2011]