Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay

Price Discrimination In India And The Us Economics Essay Publishers have traditionally sold textbooks at different prices in different areas of the world. For example, a textbook that sells for $70 in the United States might sell for $5 in India. Although the Indian version might be printed in cheaper paper and lack color illustrations, it provides essentially the same information. Indian customers typically cannot afford to pay the U.S. price. Use the theories of price discrimination presented in this chapter to explain this strategy. The definition of price discrimination is the practice of charging different prices to various groups of customers that are not based on differences in the costs of production. In another word, a type product has been produced under same condition, same content, share the same cost, but it sells in different prices to different customers at different places, which in the context is the textbooks. Price discrimination normally happened in segmenting market that varying price elasticity or price sensitivity of demand. As in the context example, U.S. customers are segmented as inelastic market whereas India customers are elastic market. It explained that U.S. customers will purchase the textbooks even it charged in a higher price, however India customers might refuse or unaffordable to purchase the higher price textbooks. The purpose of price discrimination is to maximize the profit that has to do with consumer surplus. Consumer surplus is the difference between the total amount of money consumers are willing to pay for a product rather than do without and the amount they actually have to pay when a single price is charged for all units of the products. Refers to the Figure 1 below, the customer surplus is the area of P1AB. Q P Q1 0 P1 Demand A B Figure 1 As for the willingness to pay, the customers might not want to purchase the extra units of product where they think are not worth for it. Example, in India, there is plenty type of textbooks published by different publishers, why should the customers grab one of yours? Even your textbooks fit the customers wants, but the selling price might be too high for the customers that they think it does not worth that much for them to pay for. It is also the example of price elasticity in India market. Basically, there are three theoretical models of price discrimination first degree, second degree, and third degree price discrimination. For the context of textbooks selling in India and U.S. markets, it falls into the category of third degree price discrimination. Third degree price discrimination is the most common form of price discrimination, where firms separate or segment the markets according to the price elasticity of demand and charge a different price for each market. Of course, the firms is charging a higher prices in the most inelastic demand market, which is U.S. and sells in a lower price in India that the market is more elastic or price sensitive in demand. Since the U.S. market and India market has difference in elasticity and willingness to pay for the textbooks, the publisher segments the markets by charging U.S. market a higher price. Meanwhile, publisher charged a lower price in India market to increase or maximize its revenue. 0 Q1 Q2 U.S. market Quantity India market Quantity $ MC MR2 MR1 D2 D1 70 5 Figure 2On the other hand, if the publisher charged a higher price in India market as in U.S. market price, the India customers may unaffordable to purchase the textbooks or they are not willing to pay that much just for a textbook, where the textbook is not worth for what they are paying. Therefore, it would be a failure in India market if the publisher sells the textbooks in a high price as in U.S. market, which is shown in the Figure 2 based on the context example. In the Figure 2, the right side is the demand of U.S. market and on the left is the India market demand. In order to further explain why it would be a failure to charge higher price in India market, it is drawn to shows that if the publisher charge $70 abroad all the market as in U.S., there is no demand in the India market. In order to maximize the profit, the publisher has to lower the price as like marginal revenue equal to marginal cost (MC=MR2) for the India market. However, for the U.S. market that has the demand and the willingness to pay even in a higher selling price, it is an unwise decision to lower the textbooks selling price in U.S. market as what it charged in India market for the purpose of price standardization abroad. That is for sure the quantity in U.S. market will increase but it does not served the rules of profit maximization, where price at MC=MR1 should be charged in U.S. market that is $70. If the publisher decides to sell this textbook online, what problems will this present for the pricing strategy? How might the publisher respond? For the price discrimination segmented market, one problem need to be identified and managed by the firms, where the firms has to ensure or able to prevent the resale activity among the different groups of customers. Otherwise, the customers who are charged a lower price could be able to resell the product on hand to the customers who are in the higher price market segment. Hence, if the publisher is going to sell the textbook online, it will probably have to set a single price, where it is typically the high U.S. price. It is a safe precaution step for the publisher to set in a high price that to assume the customers who order online are affordable and willing to pay even in high price. However, it would means that it will lose the India market who may not afford to pay for a high price textbooks. On the other side, publisher might think of customization or product differentiation. For example, the publisher may amend the textbooks content such as the example in textbooks to use India currency, rupees instead of U.S. dollar. This India version can be sold together with the original U.S. version online with different pricing. One of the reasons is the India customers will feel more relevant to them that the example is in their currency and it can get in a cheaper price. However, the U.S. customers who has been charged for higher price would not tends to purchase the India version for a lower price as it is less relevant to their market and environment. Another method would be using the technology. With the use of technology, the publisher may set the different price for different market, where price discrimination could be worked online. First, publisher may need the online purchaser to register an account for purchasing, where the purchaser need to fill in their particular that includes the country or location where the purchaser are stayed in. With the information gathered, the publisher can links the different groups of purchasers who come from different country or markets into different online order page and purchase with different currency. Meanwhile, the publisher can also limit the delivery of textbooks to the origin country that the purchaser registered. For example, if the purchaser is from India, the delivery will only be made to India.

How Film Technology Impacted Cinema’s Evolution Essay

Over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, cinema technology advanced greatly—and with an ever-growing history of movies from which to draw reference, film-makers have increasingly approached productions from fresher perspectives, while always employing the most modern equipment, in order to better serve the audiences of their days. In Visions Of Light, a series of interviews with directors and cinematographers explores how the evolution of microphones, lighting, film, staging, cameras and mounts has affected the translation of story into cinema in a variety of ways. When sound was first introduced, for instance, actors were forced to lean in closer to microphones that were hidden on the sets, in order to be better heard—thus affecting their physical impression on camera (Bailey, VL). Also, the advent of sound affected the mobility of cameras—and it was years before directors began taking moving shots again. Only after technology improved, and the practice of adding audio in post-production took hold, did cameras become fluid once more (Bailey, VL). In Visions Of Light, Zsigmond even goes so far as to claim the advent of sound might have affected film’s ability to rise to a higher form of art. Furthermore, in the early years, the onset of color film collided with the aesthetic prerogatives of directors from the black-and-white era of cinema. The dark-and-light stark contrasts of early film had always supplied directors with a strong foundation in a medium built on more abstract emotions—being more removed from reality, due to their lack of color (Daviau, VL). The introduction of red, yellow and blues, however, gradually eroded that surreal nature of young cinema—and left film-maker’s with a new spectrum of visuals to explore that were more rooted in reality—yet took away the artsier fare of the colorless picture (Daviau, VL). Finally, as the studios began to give way to more location shoots, and more independently ground-breaking and inventive movie-making, more experimental cinematography began taking place, including the increased use of techniques adopted from unintended effects of technology—and instructional mistakes on set. Inventiveness and new cameras and lenses wedded to create unprecedented waves of evolution in cinema. The more relaxed embracing of happy accidents, such as random camera â€Å"flares† for instance–and other unique lighting effects (Hall, VL), eventually led to the deeper medium today, where visual artisans have a century’s worth of rich and varied cinema to emulate, be inspired by—and pay homage to—in order to further expand upon the apparent human motion to improve the film experience. Visions Of Light is an inspiring look into the history of film—and a revelatory expose of the methods by which we attempt to translate our greatest tales into the constructs of cinema—and how technology and history have shaped the medium. By the time a movie is played on screen, one is witness to countless lifetimes of work, both in the perceived piece—as well as the endless sub-texts of cinema that came before it. The improvements of technology over time have both strengthened and handicapped cinema, enabling it to more accurately capture reality, while also rarifying the more abstract forms of black-and-white film and silent pictures. Future directors, of course, may yet return to the black-and-white medium, in order to test the depths of their art—but they may also find it more challenging than filming in color (Daviau, VL). Similarly, while sound changed movies from a purely visual form into a mixed discipline—directors who were to attempt to make a silent film today might find it more difficult to execute. Technology has allowed film to record reality better—while also blunting or limiting its inherent ability to translate more basic human emotions, through less colour or sound. Furthermore, as cameras have become more sophisticated and economical—the increased use of an independent, hand-held approach will change the look-and-feel of film for the coming generations, lending to it a more reality-based frame—and for that very same reason, a more difficult platform from which to craft the abstract. Overall, as technology advances, film evolves into a much different form from the shape it started out. It is now a fuller and more complex medium—although perhaps less of a straightforward one. With each mounting generation, directors have to grapple with the new and profound questions about how to approach the entertainment and education of an audience. They have to learn how to emulate the traditional paths of film’s past auteurs—but also, and equally importantly, to test the limits of the undiscovered country and new technology in cinema. Film-making as an art-form is ever-evolving and re-engaging its audiences in newer and more gripping ways. The language of the motion picture, however, is fundamentally limited by the science which allows it—and so, in order to direct most effectively, every last available trick of modern film-making must be employed, toward the end of showing people something they haven’t seen before, and creating a synthesis that succeeds in overwhelming the sum of its parts. Newer technologies and angles must be embraced, in order to achieve a more honest form of surprise and catharsis, so that audiences are finally moved and enlightened. For as technology evolves, so too does our tool set in the medium—providing an endless art-form to perfect and exercise up to the heights of cinema, as modeled by Citizen Kane. No patterns from past directors can ever be totally relied on, of course, in order to achieve the freshest cutting edge of new cinema—but those who are willing to learn the trade as well as take risks and experiment in the non-traditional forms are the ones who will always create original and inspiring works. Thinkers and shapers who are keen to test tomorrow’s technologies and exploit their own mistakes are the ones who will consistently set the bar higher—and allow the younger audiences to be livened up by the unexpected. Film’s suspension of disbelief, after all, dwells in the camera’s ability to capture the world around us—but also, in the editing room, where unnecessary redundancies of past pictures are trimmed back–and re-hashed tricks of the trade are left on the cutting floor. Only the bare bone advances of new cameras and exciting visual storytelling will seduce the eye and mind long enough to engage future audiences. Only the visionaries of light and sound will remind people of their daily existences deeply enough to be enthralled by the verisimilitude of it all—while simultaneously transporting them far enough away from themselves, that they will ultimately leave the theaters changed forever. Works Cited Vision Of Light. Samuels, S. ; Glassman, A. ; McCarthy, T. ; Glassman, A.. Daviau, A. ; Almendros, N. ; Bailey, J. ; Hall, C. ; Kovacs, L. ; Nykvist, S. ; Storaro, V. ; Wexler, H. ; Willis, G. ; Zsigmond, V. ; DVD. CBS FOX, 1993.

The Good, the Bad and Topic for Presentation

The Good, the Bad and Topic for Presentation Topic for Presentation - What Is It? Meetings should be held a couple of times a month. The very first step in preparing a presentation is to find out more about the audience to whom you will be speaking. Presentations and speeches could possibly be inevitable during anybody's work or university life. Comprehension is the phase of interpretation. Learning how to begin a presentation is at least as crucial as knowing how to complete it. French language and culture isn't limited to France. Here's What I Know About Topic for Presentation Business is still another important sector where PowerPoint presentations are frequently used. If you're still uncertain about your presentation, keep reading to obtain a variety of engaging presentation topics. You should remember to make your PowerPoint presentation effective and memorable. When it has to do with creating a very good PowerPoint presentation, selecting an intriguing topic can define your success. You may also make paper notes about the principal topics you wish to cover. Writing allows you to synthesize data and reconcile various viewpoints The procedure for writing about your suggestions and arguments will naturally allow you to synthesize. After you have all of the information concerning the topic you're presenting, go ahead of time and arrange the info. Applying the new data in a secure environment brings about the best outcomes. Management and supervisory skills are crucial at work. Teaching and sharing the info is one other way to use the knowledge. Responding dynamically includes practise. Developing a fantastic presentation is just one of the multiple academic skills you need to master in a college. So How About Topic for Presentation? A wide variety of presentation topics are suitable for employees working in an office atmosphere. Your board members will probably offer you feedback after every meeting. The board needs differ from t he management ones, or so the presentation needs to be concentrated on the information the board should make decisions. Discussing performance issues can be challenging for a manager. What to Expect From Topic for Presentation? If you include lots of text, your audience might feel overwhelmed. To avoid losing your audience and receiving a lower grade, you ought to start with mulling over a few cool presentation suggestions to select an ideal topic. It is possible to also ask your audience to talk about their private experience with your topic. Always make sure you permit the audience know how you are going to handle questions. The True Meaning of Topic for Presentation Picking the right topic is the toughest task about building a presentation. It isn't difficult to choose the topic. To make it simpler for you they have also enable you to select your own topic. The topic ought to be simple to illustrate. If you buy an opportunity to deliver a business presentation, you can opt for a topic from the list given below. There's no need to inform you hobbies can be particularly varied and exciting. If you're finding it hard to pick the ideal subject, you may give the writer a list of your very best ones and leave it to them to select. Furthermore, you'll find lots of cheap or even free alternatives readily available on the internet to download. Life After Topic for Presentation There's more useful details on presentation thoughts and intriguing presentation topicsfor you to make the suitable selection. Keep in mind that a successful presentation is a mixture of interesting info and helpful visual aids. Since SlideShare presentations are viewed online, they may be considered a sort of internet content. As discussed earlier, they can be considered a form of online content. The Chronicles of Topic for Presentation Some of these point can help to be an effective speaker. When you h ave disaggregated the issues, after that you can concentrate on which ones are definitely the most important. If you are interested in an up-to-date topic, choose one of the present issues happening on earth. If your SlideShare topic looks dull, find a way to make it even more interesting. Topic for Presentation - Is it a Scam? Ultimately, speaking from a text may be appropriate once you have quotes or other significant points that you would like to ensure you communicate accurately and totally. If you are searching for some presentation topics in a particular field, attempt to consider something you already know about. A great deal of the research indicates you could boost message retention dramatically in case you use pictures in place of bullet points. Students prepare presentations for several reasons, including some basic slides for important topic so they can review the training course content quickly at the right time of examination. When you take a photograph, make sure the subject matter fills nearly all the frame. Besides planning the content of your presentation, you must provide advanced notion to the way you need to deliver it. Another way it is possible to introduce your presentation is with a map of the region. Moreover, presentations should not consist of content which might be deemed inappropriate for someone. Topic for Presentation Options Building face to face connections will assist you when it has to do with connecting online. Business presentations are also employed by people to communicate about a few new reformations in business methods. All sorts of businesses and company people may benefit from an internet networking support group. You don't want either the company community or your audience to turn on you, so be sure you don't cross any lines which you do not absolutely need to.

Motto Definition and Examples in English

Stereotypes And Prejudice Their Automatic And Controlled...

Article 1 – Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components Devine (1989) argues that stereotypes are inevitable on the basis that stereotypes and prejudice coexist and that stereotyping occurs automatically. Devine attempts to prove this hypothesis in three experiments. Devine reasons that â€Å"as long as stereotypes exist, prejudice will follow.† This hypothesis is rooted in a correlation. Prejudice and stereotypes are related, however there is no clear evidence of causality; Knowledge of a stereotype does not mean an individual agrees with it. The first experiment conducted by Devine and colleagues conducted a well thought out experiment in terms of their technique. In all three studies the authors’ randomly assigned the participants to the experiments increasing the ability to generalize this sample to a larger population. In addition, the participants were asked to freely respond to the question, providing a more accurate knowledge of s tereotypes because no cues were provided to influence the subjects’ knowledge. The anonymity of the participants also allows subjects to freely provide information without being judged resulting in an easier access to their private thoughts. Alternatively, in all three studies the authors recruited a number of white participants. This may produce bias in their results as stereotypes and prejudice towards blacks have historical roots in their culture. In the first study, the list of traits do not completely captureShow MoreRelatedEssay on Is Stereotyping Inevitable?1740 Words   |  7 PagesPrejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping are important topics at the cause of debating within social psychology. A stereotype is a generalization about a group of people, in which certain traits cling to all members, regardless of actual individual variation (Akert, Aronson, Wilson, 2010). As humans, people assign objects and individuals into categories to organize the environment. Individuals do this for not only organization, but also survival. Is stereotyping inevitable? That is theRead MoreStereotypes, Public Compliance, And Negative State Relief906 Words   |  4 Pagesexemplary depiction of contemporary society entangled in the cyclic, and often chaotic, entails of modern prejudice – a lingering by-product of big-city living. In an attempt to flesh out the complexity and breadth of modern prejudice as a consequence of fear and urban-living (urban-overload hypothesis); I will propose and elaborate connections to three social-psychological concepts: stereotypes, public compliance, and negative-state relief hypothesis as some of its perpetuating agents. AdditionallyRead MoreStereotyping And Its Effects On Our Social Lives1766 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we need to interact with, and people use stereotypes to interpret their surroundings. However, when people use stereotyping against groups of people who may be different from them, it can create neg ative prejudices. Many social psychologists have studied prejudices and what types of psychological tools that can be used to bypass prejudices. Stereotyping is a cognitive process of several prejudiced attitudes aims at a specific group or people. Prejudice is an inevitable consequence of a categorizingRead MoreThe Lingering Effects of Stereotyping831 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lingering Effects of Stereotyping The Lingering Effects of Stereotyping The three stereotypes upon which the paper will focus are: women are untrustworthy; all White Americans are rich; and the elderly population is useless. The first stereotype is that women cannot be trusted. 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Looking at this chain of thought, it has to be noted that Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher, argued that the soul is incorporeal, being intangib le and spiritual; the mind was the intellect, meaning it had knowledgeRead MoreCulture Bias in the Media1778 Words   |  8 Pageschanges, if needed, can occur; and (2) there is a need to determine if the portrayals of minorities on television exacerbate racial stereotypes (Mastro, 2000). Devine (1989) contended that the negative perceptions and stereotypes of racial minorities are widely held and culturally embedded intentionally and inadvertently within the American public. Continuing with stereotypes on television does nothing to help the situation. Minimal representation, in conjunction with possible stereotyping, would accentuateRead MorePsychology : What Motivates People Do What They Do1847 Words   |  8 Pagesextrinsic motivation, including a combination of both at the same time. (Devine and Plant 2002) A study psychological study on motivational response to prejudice demonstrated that people who showed to be highly internally motivated didn’t want to believe they were prejudice, while externally influence people did not want to be perceived as prejudice. Those who demonstrated external motivation compromised their own personal beliefs because they thought others were placing judgments and assumptions fromRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagesintroduced and allowed for the uniformity of language across large distances. A leap in technology occurred when the Gutenberg printing-press was invented in the 15th century. The third stage is characterized by the transfer of information through controlled waves and electronic signals. Webster s dictionary definition of communicate is to make known; disclose, to manifest, to transmit to others, to express oneself effectively. It defines communication as the act or process of communication; transmission;

Is it ethical to feed live food to reptiles Free Essays

string(102) " leaving live food in the various for long periods of time and by providing shelter and water for it\." Is it ethical to feed live food to exotic pets? Abstract Live food items are often fed to exotic pet species whether they be birds, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. This raises issues of welfare, both of the animals fed live prey Items and the prey Itself. Concerns over live food welfare are particularly marked In the feeding of vertebrate prey Items and evidence presented here shows the prolonged time taken for rodents to die, this fuelling these concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on Is it ethical to feed live food to reptiles or any similar topic only for you Order Now And yet the welfare of all exotic pets relies both on providing optimal nutrition and ensuring, as such as possible, that their natural behaviors can be expressed. Does that mean that predatory species must be fed live prey? This paper discusses this problem and seeks potential solutions. Introduction Many of the â€Å"exotic† species that are kept as pets (companion animals) or for study, or which form part of a zoo or rescue centre, are wholly or partly carnivorous and therefore require food of animal origin. Many omnivores also feed In part on live or dead animals and some essentially herbivorous/carnivorous species, such as finches (Freeloading), require invertebrate food when they are nestlings. In this paper emphasis is on the provision of still living food, but brief mention will be made of dead animals. The discussion relates mainly to live food given to captive exotic animals but it must be remembered that free-living Individuals also kill and eat live prey. The use of live food Food comprising live animals or their derivatives is widely considered to serve two main purposes. First, from a nutritive perspective, It contains important, sometimes essential, amino acids, vitamins and other nutrients; secondly, from a behavioral viewpoint It provides captive animals with stimulation, especially when It Is resented to them in an imaginative way, providing a very important form of environmental enrichment. The subject of â€Å"live-feeding† of animals in zoos and private collections has become a specialist topic, with numerous papers in the literature about how best such diets should be chosen and presented. These include precautions to minimize damage to the prey species by attacks from the animals provided as live food. O be well-substantiated; as noted above, it provides behavioral enrichment and represents a natural or near-natural method of providing essential nutrition . There s, however, another important consideration, which is sometimes forgotten or ignored. This is the question of the wellbeing of the live food that is being offered. After all, the food consists of living animals which, regardless of their taxonomic status, may be subjected to and affected by stresses, including pain during the period before and during being eaten. There are several stages at which the prey species may be subjected to stresses. The first of these is during production or collection. Live food is either bred in captivity or collected in the wild and in many cases such breeding or collection may involve stress for the animals involved. When offered as food, prior to being devoured the live food prey item is often in what for it is an unusual, an â€Å"alien† environment. It may, for example, be exposed to abnormally high temperatures or bright lights, rendering the individual, by definition, vulnerable to attack/apprehension by the animal to which it is being fed. The key welfare issue for many animals provided as live food will be when they are being devoured. Some live food is killed almost instantaneously by the predator, using physical or chemical means from trauma to veneration, both of these potentially rendering the prey immobile while losing consciousness. In such circumstances there may be little in risk of poor welfare. But often death takes much longer – for instance, a rodent constricted and thus killed by suffocation by a snake, or a cockroach dismembered while it is still alive. Some prey items may be swallowed whole and are therefore still alive – and presumably conscious – for some time until they die of asphyxia or the effect of the predator’s gastric Juices; If not immediately devoured uneaten prey may be taken and consumed abstinently, perhaps on another day, but in the meantime it has to survive in an alien environment, often without water, food or appropriate shelter. Sometimes the prey item is never eaten, either because the predator is no longer hungry or because the prey escapes. As a result, it may die as a result of starvation, dehydration, hyperthermia or hypothermia in the predator’s cage. It may, alternatively, establish itself in that cage or escape into the home/zoo environment. Here crickets (Grilled) are the best example. The debate Vertebrate food Some decades ago concern began to be voiced by some individuals and certain institutions about the practice of feeding live vertebrates to captive mammals, birds and reptiles. The methods employed began to be subjected to greater scrutiny and criticism as a greater understanding of, and sensitivity to, issues of animal welfare evolved. Society of London) introduced a ban on the feeding of living vertebrate food to its captive reptiles and instead to train the latter to take freshly-killed prey or items (for example, a freshly dead rabbit) that could be moved to simulate life or placed in an unusual environment, such as a hollow tube, to interest the hungry predator. In Britain, at any rate, many other zoos and herpetologists followed suit and by the late asses the use of dead, not living, prey was considered to be â€Å"good practice†. During the decade of the asses claims were regularly made by animal welfare groups that live-feeding was â€Å"illegal† in the I-J but these assertions were countered in lectures and articles (1). The point was made that there was no specific legal ban on live- feeding but that such a practice might lead to a prosecution under the Protection of Animals Acts (2). Herpetologists who still wanted to feed live food to their charges ere encouraged to take steps to minimize suffering in various ways – for example, by not leaving live food in the various for long periods of time and by providing shelter and water for it. You read "Is it ethical to feed live food to reptiles" in category "Food" Those recommendations in Britain were in a large part a modification and refinement of the approach taken by the senior author nearly a decade beforehand, when, in an attempt to encourage a more humane approach to live-feeding of snakes in East Africa, a document was drawn up by the Kenya Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (KAPPA). This is reproduced as Appendix A. Force-feeding† of non-living food is also a possibility, particularly used for ‘difficult’ species such as Royal pythons (Python argues) but this can be stressful. Another argument used on both sides of the Atlantic, to dissuade reptile-keepers from feeding live vertebrate food was that the latter could easily attack and damage the predator species. Thus, for instance, live rodents put in Bavaria as food can cause severe skin lesions in snakes (3, 4, 5). Having said that, a casual glance through online video clips, as detailed further below, shows that live vertebrate prey are still fed to pitiless by a number of keepers. Invertebrate food Questioning the feeding of live invertebrates to captive animals is less common even today . In the asses an â€Å"animal rights† group based in Scotland lobbied for more awareness of the welfare needs of invertebrate animals and included in their concerns the use of crickets, maelstroms and other species as food items for captive mammals, birds and reptiles. In the past two decades interest amongst veterinarians and others in the health and welfare of invertebrates has grown (6, 7). In its wake, discussion and studies on whether or not invertebrates â€Å"suffer† pain have become reverent (7), including some limited analysis and discussions of the ethical considerations of using these animals as live prey. A problem, of course, is that the term â€Å"invertebrate† is very broad, covering around 30 distinct phyla, and the ability of such animals to react to a noxious stimulus varies greatly between, say, a coelenterate that has no generalized nervous system and a cephalic with a well-developed nervous system and pain responses (7). The main groups of invertebrate that are used as food for other animals are arthropods, phyla produce endorphins and may, therefore, be able not only to respond to pain by appropriate escape behavior but be aware of it. Research on the nematode Conservationist elegant, for instance, has shown that activation, an invertebrate homologue of morphogenesis, together with improprieties, modulates aversive activity that mimics behaviors associated with chronic pain in vertebrates (9). While such primitive species can exhibit inception, it would be questioned by many as to whether they feel pain, defined as ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’ (italics added) (10). Even a single- led amoeba moves away from a noxious stimulus, but cannot be said to have an emotional response – so where on the evolutionary ‘ladder’ does such a response occur? Certainly there are behavioral indicators of pain in several crustacean species (11) and some mollusks (12). In some situations such as the use of live insects in biomedical research, the approach advocated by certain authors has been â€Å"to give them (invertebrates) the benefit of the doubt† and therefore (for example) to employ an anesthetic agent when a procedure to be performed that might cause pain (13). Such a precautionary Renville has not apparently, however, been applied to the use of these same species as live food for mammals, birds or reptiles – and probably would not be realistic. We are, after all, here in a situation where the benefits of one species, the predator, must be weighed against those of the prey species. Such is the very essence of nature. Hopefully, wherever possible, in a captive environment the welfare needs of both predator and prey can be considered and predator species trained to accept dead prey rather than live. ‘ A preliminary study of welfare of live prey species Perhaps a start on such a Journey is to ask for evidence regarding the welfare of prey species when being fed to a predator species. For that reason, we present here a preliminary study using online You Tube videos of various captive reptiles as the predator and mice, rats and crickets as live prey items. Clearly this cannot be a controlled study, but the videos were sampled by accessing the first ten adequate clips defined by ‘reptile eats live mouse’, ‘reptile eats live rat’, and ‘reptile eats live locust’ and recording the time taken from apprehension of the prey item to death as determined by the time of last movement of prey item. It could be argued that the prey species may not lose consciousness until after that period and, in some cases, vivification by the prey item may occur after the last obvious movement, but in those documented in Table 1 this was not the case. The time to death as estimated by cessation of any movement was 62Ð’Â ±29 seconds for mice, 54Ð’Â ±21 seconds for rats and 18Ð’Â ±17 seconds for locusts, with ranges from 38 to 120 seconds for the mice, 24-82 seconds for the rats and 5-62 seconds for the locusts . These figures are clearly influenced by the size of both prey and of predator. Euthanasia of laboratory rodents by carbon dioxide may take 2-3 minutes (14) while cervical dislocation successfully killed animals apparently instantaneously in 79% of animals in one study (15). In another study electroencephalographic activity during the 30 seconds immediately (at 5 to 10 s), 10-15 seconds after exposure to 100% CO, 15-20 seconds after decapitation and at 20-25 seconds with cardiac arrest caused by KC injection but not after administration of 70% CO (15). A painful and fear-provoking death taking p to 2 minutes as seen in many live food subjects would not, we argue, be acceptable in any circumstances. Interestingly, few if any rodents seemed aware that a predator shared the various with them, many mice actively investigating the snake until the moment of attack. Other rodents in the enclosure did not appear to show behavioral evidence of fear even when other rodents in the same various were attacked, constricted and killed. On the other hand, the fear and pain indicated by rapid movements and vacillations of the prey item, was clear in many of the cases as noted in Table 1 . These author found it disturbing to watch the video clips in many cases and we would argue that the suffering of prey species in many of these video clips and in many is contrary to the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act (2006) in the United Kingdom, as discussed further below. Discussion There can be no hard-and-fast rules about the feeding of live food to captive animals. However we advocate that, if it is not necessary to sustain the life of the prey species in order to stimulate the predator to pretend and swallow, live-feeding should not take place.. When such a feeding practice is necessary – and is not De facto in intervention of legislation – it should be carried out with care and sensitivity and follow a code of practice. As noted at the beginning of this paper, there are two elements to live-feeding – the predator and the prey – and these both warrant a humane approach. Although reptiles have attracted particular attention in the debate about live-feeding, other carnivorous tax have also come under some scrutiny, especially in Europe. The feeding of large felid such as lions, tigers and cheetahs with live vertebrates, such as rodents or alligators, has long ceased to be accepted practice in zoos in cost of Europe. The use of living animals, such as mice or quail, to encourage falconers’ birds and wildlife casualties to perfect their hunting skills has, likewise, been officially phased-out. Some of the practices alluded to above have stopped because of public attitudes but legislation has also, indirectly, had a result. Thus, for example, the I-J Animal Welfare Act 2006, while not specifically outlawing the feeding of live food to carnivorous species, puts an onus of responsibility on keepers on a duty of care to all animals in their possession and thus an obligation to ensure as far as possible that ere species are killed before being offered as food. How to cite Is it ethical to feed live food to reptiles, Essays

Making Fun Of Optimism, Religion And Greed Essay Example For Students

Making Fun Of Optimism, Religion And Greed Essay Voltaire who was a French writer, philosopher and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment is known as one of the greatest satirist ever. Voltaire wrote about important genres: tragedy, history, philosophy and fiction just as his English contemporary Samuel Johnson. American heritage dictionary defines satire as, An artistic work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit. Irony or caustic wit used to expose or attack human folly. The satirist adopts a critical attitude and usually presents his material with wit and humor. Voltaire uses many literary writing tools to share his views. Voltaire reasons for using satire is because he believes it is entertaining which many at time also agreed with him. During this time, many great authors wrote about things that they believed to be interesting for others to read. Voltaire was a big believer in writing about things that really happen to others. Some of the tools he uses are irony, symbolism and satire. The point I will be talking about is satire. Voltaire choices satire because this way he can make a joke out of serious matters such as death, rape, and murder. Through his satire, Voltaire sometimes expressed outrage, and other times he was playful. This is the literary term he uses the most of the time. Voltaire targets of satire are many and varied. Three topics Voltaire uses satire for are philosophical optimism, religion and greed. I will be focusing my paper on these three ideas. Voltaire was a serious man but felt it was important to entertain others by using humor as long as he thought it was funny. Voltaire’s main purpose in writing Candide was to demolish the theory of Optimism, and that is why is used exaggeration. To oppose optimism Voltaire used a variety of forms. The one that proved to be most effective was satire. â€Å"Gottfried and Leibnitz, the German philosopher, provides Voltaire’s most specific target in Candide, with the complexities of his version of optimism reduced for satiric purposes to be facile formula.† (World Masterpieces 316) Leibnitz thought that everything had a cause and an effect. He believed that for everything that happened there was something else that would follow due to the previous. Through Voltaire’s experiences, he came to realize that not everything was for the best. In the story, irrational ideas are taught to the main character, Candide about optimistic versus the reality of the rest of the world. Out of every unfortunate situation in the story, his philosopher-teacher advised Candide that everything in the world happens for a reason. â€Å"Private misfortunes contribute to the general good, so the more private misfortunes there are, he more we find that all is well.† (Voltaire 31) Pangloss was a devoted friend and an optimist who claims that there is no effect without a cause, and that everything has a purpose. Pangloss was not meant to be a direct attack on Leibnitz. Although Voltaire wanted people to realize how distorted Leibnitz idea was. During the story, an earthquake strikes killing many. In reality, this is a horrific predicament to be involved in. In Pangloss’ world, â€Å"It is impossible for things not to be where they are, because everything is for the best.†(Voltaire 35) Pangloss believed that the earthquake was necessary in the course of nature, so there was definitely a reason why it happened. Pangloss tries to defend his theories by determining the positive from the negative situation. As Candide grew up and encountered many unfortunate things Pangloss would turn the situation around, bring out the good in it. Candide learns that optimism is â€Å"The passion for maintaining that all is that all is right when all goes wrong.† (Voltaire 86) Every time Candide experienced some terrible danger and or suffering, he wondered if Doctor Pangloss might begin to doubt his own philosophy. .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 , .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .postImageUrl , .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 , .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4:hover , .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4:visited , .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4:active { border:0!important; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4:active , .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4 .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u72d2acde5e6bce9a7e6d34b3b1a7caa4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wuthering heights summary Essay Pangloss ultimately changed Candide’s optimistic philosophy. Pangloss preached that wherever one was it was the best possible place to be. Candide had questioned Pangloss on a number of occasions because he felt that there must be a better place to be when there is so much evil where he was. Throughout his life, Candide was affected